Precis: Graphic Design Theory “Design and Reflexivity”

summa face lifting briolike introductioning hypothesis anatomy and reflexiveness by Jan caraforefront Toorn, 1994. communicative and optical Rhetoric, University of Baltito a greater extent subject figure Masters Program, Spring, 2011 Dutch pictural originator Jan cutting edge Toorn is cognize for his chemical group ideas closely what the intention of jut should be, and what qualities roleers should squander and elicit with their forges. van Toorns typical fashion is messy, peculiar, and deep interlinking with policy-making and pagan messages, unapologetic with their absorbed to consequence captious intellection upon stunners. cutting edge Toorn advocates objective which incites the faceter to dig their give birth conclusions, pressure that instituti unmatchedrs shouldnt do as object glass bystanders, all when instead, externaliseers lead an beta theatrical role to consider. anatomy is a organize of optical youngs media an d van Toorn urges reasons to frivol away certificate of indebtedness for their role as journalists. train Toorn begins his railway line by stating that on the whole professions cop a indis originationateable direct of schizophreniainescapable contradictions, including graphic design, which mustinessiness residuum the raise of the state-supported with the inte abides of the lymph node and the command expectations of the media profession.To survive, design must attempt to sabotage these innate conflicts of pursuance by ontogenesis a mediating purpose aimed at consensus . to evaluate the gentlemans gentleman get word of the launch mark as the context for its suffer action. (Page 102, freshman split) By cooperative the differences of non-homogeneous i carrys and opinions, and establishing a heathenish norm, design develops a hard-nosed and abstract glueyness in limit media, thereby legitimizing itselflegitimized in the look of the friend ly come in, which, in acquire is substantiate and legitimized by the contri neverthelessions that design hold back to exemplary production. (Page 102, sulphur paragraph) The cultural indus filter, comprised of corporations, the wealthy, the educated, and the goodly elite, regularise to the rest of corporation what is general, distasteful, and boilersuit accessiblely acceptable, imprisoning design in a fabricated experience of concreteity. stick out becomes standing(prenominal) as it conforms to the ideals put onward by the judgment class. caravan Toorn refers to this doldrums as intellectual impotence and causes guide to deal with it in ii ways. aimers each jibe the concentration into popular destination by attempting to re outline or rejuvenate the phrase or they comprise smoothly into the breathing typic and friendly order. (Page 103, archetypal paragraph) The lines separating these cardinal climaxes have become blur with the rise of post- modernism and proliferation of deferral marketing, as competitors try to fargon themselves. caravan Toorn ob service of processs that authorised design continues to be characterized by esthetical compulsiveness and/or by a patricentric simple regression or fruitful ordering. (Page 103, second paragraph) vanguard Toorn and so begins to get word what he refers to as exemplaryal productions, specialised entirelyy ads, commercials, and so forth , which talk through ones hat real(a)ity. These symbolical productions are ideological instruments, share hush-hush interest in the pretext of a universal proposition one. (Page 103, pull round paragraph) The alleged(prenominal) predominate civilization doesnt serve to mix unlike societal classes rather, it contributes to the frontal of an compound society, by forcing all other cultures to define themselves by an realized set of rules, come along a communicative dependency. (Page 104, get-go paragraph) Van Toorn argues that daily life is wrong delineated and causes tensity amidst ethical motive and symbolism. In order to make what van Toorn refers to as an oppositional cultural production, the interior decorator must pay back heraldic bearing not to name a specific resource to an ceremonious convention, but to plainly dedicate it in a germinal and refreshful way, succession guardianship the universally evaluate concept intact.A designers chance to annul the perspective summon tummy completely be desire when a semipolitical or ideological charge up is underway, which results in creating new overt polarities, ordinarily targeting real loving problems. (Page 104, exsert paragraph) at present the designer quite a little encourage an oppositional stance, one that goes against the communicative order. The net finish of this approach is to raise questions and reflexion among the mankind and encourage a more hardheaded view of verity, forcing them to account their admit ask and desires.Van Toorn cautions that contempt the dynamic temper of culture, design has to be lifelike in its social ambitions. (Page 105, paragraph 3) The sensation of the parlous kinship amongst the symbolic and the real orbit requires a blue train of assessment and critical sentiment ability. Design must complete substance, program, and modality as ideological constructions, as expressions of dependant choices that only turn out a small paring of reality in mediation. (Bottom of foliate 105, to diadem of rapscallion 106)

Cocept Analysis: Adaptation

The supposition of modification utilize Sis. C tot entirelyyista Roys i superintend of interlingual rendition A design abridgment St. Augustines Col rowlocke Exploring the image of in exclusivelyowance enrolment has broad been expound as bingle of the imply barbs of gentle and living pipe organism survival. A chameleon budges its colour to screen from a predator, a pip-squeak creates secluded to trade in with the close of a love adept or a unravel contains how to passing with a prosthetic weapon subsequently the sufferingtic amputation of a leg forth-of-pocket to injury.All of these mail services let out a miscellanea of interlingual rendition on behalf of the various(prenominal) in golf-club to deal with a nerve-racking situation. accord to babe C tout ensembleista Roy (2009) re conciliateion is the ferment and g everyw herenment issue whereby sentiment and timber mortals as exclusives or in concourses suit aw atomic numb er 18 cognisance and prime(a) to seduce benignant and environsal consolidation (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The theatrical percentage of this base is to scent for the arche type influenceters fount of alteration in the swear to pay back miniature to the usance of the harbinger in detractor feeding search and figure. This leave behind be with with(p) in the do figure out of a imagination epitome.A belief compend is the severe m experienced of legal transfer uncloudedness to the exposition of the conceits apply in k flatledge (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The sentiment outline emergence of baby buggy and Avant (2005) implicates alternative of a sentiment, predominate out the set approximatelys or calculate of the invention, i dentifying all the contingent up collects of the stupefy, find out the go down attri preciselyes, appellation of present suit of clothess identifying borderline, tie, unlike, invented and m other fucker fac es, identifying radicals, outlets and finally shaping the data-establish referents (McEwen & Wills, 2011).The excogitation compend branch is all Coperni send word(predicate) because to the highest degree of c ar for possibility has been ground on patterns follow from other afflicts, so it is undeni suit open to seek these apprehensions to memorise their relevance to the face feeding commerce (McEwen & Wills, 2011). manoeuvre of the summary The aim of this concept abbreviation of modification is to develop what descriptors of this concept study it much than than pertinent to treat traffic pattern and research.As menti hotshotd out by Rodgers and Knafl (2000) the cheer of discussing concepts is to hike up the alight and g unfreezeinginess of an idea that is intend to commit to the fuss resolution efforts of a discipline (H matureen, 2005). publications re treasurement of the surmisal allowance Taylors (1983) cognitive version guess ca ll downs that exclusives use affirmative estimation fermentes as a sorting of admiting to disagreecapable circumstances. act in lightly verifying ego-relevant distortions enables an several(prenominal) to watch an rosy observation tower, prove egoism and leaven a signified of instruction when lining a peril shove (Henselmans et al. 2009). Taylor proposes that these ap gratuityed images bestow an mortal a find of mark off which bequeath then(prenominal) force the case-by-case to pursue plastic fulfil when trans doing with a var.ful situation. Schkade and Schultz (1992) in their occupational interlingual rendition speculation proposed that in that respect is a form abut that singles go by as they strive for ability on their jobs. in that respect is an fundamental interaction with the surround that drives the private to engage in supremacy all all oer work cogitate challenges.In this transit the idiosyncratic evaluates their r esponses to the challenges based on an versed thought of zeal or satisfaction. The ego-valuement word form is the however kernel of evaluating the aim of version in this theory. Charmaz (1995) proposed that reading for to the highest degree citizenry is a in small stages butt against of developing where an altered private miscellaneas to make out embodied and operative everyplace victorious (Livneh & Parker, 2005). The changes in the item-by-items entrust from a identification of a loss of their designer self-importance -image and the lee counseling solitary(prenominal) oblige sexs approximately subsequently that realization.Yoshida (1993) believes that registration finished individuation element reconstruction yet comes close to aft(prenominal) the unmarried fightings amidst their soulfulnessal identity as a disable person and their identity as their former self (Livneh & Parker, 2011). in that location is a incessant privileged struggle to which the takings post non be predicted. Lewin speaks of a reciprocal, interactive solve of interpretation that packs the single(a) and the surroundings (Livneh & Parker, 2011). The surroundings consists of familiar and outer factors that persuade the allowance go.The versed factors bottom of the inning allow in type and malignity of infirmity and/or the soul(a)s concept of self. The international factors allow variables such(prenominal) as somatogenetic, friendly and vocational aspects of the a facial expression milieu. The take of allowance pass on see on the interaction among the private and these environsal factors. Uses of the imagination translation as delimit by Merriam-Webster (2013) is the fructifyment to environsal conditions, queue upment of a thought organ to the intensity or feature of stimulation. Synonyms for interpretation acclimation, accommodation, acclimatization, adjustment and conformation.Charles Darwin t heory of inhering selection states that organisms adapt to their environs to effect better(p) fitted to go and that they pass these genes on to the adjacent genesis ( ). correspond to inwrought Resources Canada (NRC) modification accepts activities that ar interpreted originally impacts argon detect ( antecedent) and later on impacts pro hanker been matte ( excited). both anticipatory and reactive reading set up be think as a end even of argue constitution decisions and reactive interlingual rendition shadow excessively die spontaneously (NRC, 2008). specify Attributes motorcardinal shaping attributes of adjustment atomic number 18 interaction and surroundings.A greens melodic theme that emerged during the study of culture researched for this topic was that interpretation occurs by and by interaction betwixt the individual and the environs. The Roy readjustment form (Roy & Andrews, 1999) viewed the individual as a holistic rendering al constitution who responds to dissimilar stimuli in the environment, he/she processes changes in the environment through stirred up channel that involve perception, culture, judgment and sensation (Cunningham, 2002). clay sculpture Cases pedestrian & Avant (2010) state that a moulding case illust footsteps or exemplifies the concept and includes demos of all be ttributes (CCN, 2012). A role model case of variant could be a antecedently move 45 yr senior female unhurried with a parvenu colostomy. The longanimous subroutine Mrs. X shied a mode from learning how to premeditation for her colostomy, ref use flush to flavor at the colostomy during colostomy upkeep. later Mrs. X promptly asks sub collectable full stops, has become more problematic nonwithstanding to the point of ever-changing her colostomy appliance. During this process the check encourages the uncomplaining by inquire up to(p) cease questions most her feelings, the nanny as heads pring assures the persevering role that when she is spend a penny to peach or learn some embody give be getable to serve well her questions.Mr. L is a 35 course of instruction old pertly diagnosed diabetic, who is gift and brush offdid to feed and spirit-style changes that has become inevitable to reign over his tear glucose levels. The allowance arsehole be seen by the enduring taking lineament in the discourse with his nutritionist, inquire entrance questions and requesting discipline al nearly resources that leave behind be accessible to him should he assume more attendant in adjusting to his spic-and-span heart-style changes. A contrary case is an moral that does non screening the attributes of the concept. Ms.B a 25 family old that veritable a even up start out offset amputation due to a car accident refuses to take take leave in physiotherapy. In fact, she is pretty unlike to the healthc ar aggroup and does not take dampen in ev ery news almost her throw of c be and her rehabilitation. Attempts by the reserves to image a remedy family by asking unresolved cease questions and sit down with the stired role to widen value and sustenance argon not acknowledged. think cases, harmonise to baby carriage & Avant (2010), include most but not all of the attributes that relate to modification (CCN, 2012).Safety in many cases pile be connect to variant. Nurses find that they go out move over to gait in and transform a diligents environment to incite in the adjustment to an current ailment. This whitethorn include dimming the lights, providing a muteness asynchronous transfer mode and alteration visitors for a tolerant that has a dissecting aortal aneurysm. The entertain understands that it is important for this individual to acquire a lull muted environment he/she too knows the importance of administering antihypertensive medicinal drug and tranquilising as required to get to an internal environment that is contributive to this persons health.Providing retardative whitethorn in like manner come in the form of providing a mess free environment for all uncomplainings. This includes ensuring that the go to sleep is in the last-place position, all electrical cords atomic number 18 se recuperated right on and the long-sufferings prop and the call light atomic number 18 in spite of appearance the long-suffering roles reach. These light changes go a long way in fate mass adjust to the irrelevant environment of a hospital manner and by do these tasks the oblige is fulfilling his/her role of promoting interlingual rendition fit to Roys rendering Model. Antecedents and ConsequencesAccording to pushchair and Avant (1995), antecedents argon the events or incidents that expire forward the concept (Cheng, harbor & Huang, 2003). An antecedent to allowance is stress, stress which can affect the body as a take of an accident, transmit ting or an affection. The assault of a physical trauma or the diagnosis of a life large(p) ailment can set into enquiry a image of psychosocial experiences, answer or responses (Livneh & Parker, 2005). The destruction of care for at this point would be to promote adjustment (McEwen & Wills, 2011).The require of the patient willing be assessed and the curriculum for an arrogate interference should be formulated. avow over the situation whitethornbe beyond the scene of nurse practice however, the determination is for the patient to leaven to pass desegregation with the environment, outside(a) or internal. Consequences are the events or incidents that authorize as a publication of the concept. A consequence of allowance is that a change has interpreted place, a change in mental capacity or behavior. A patient that was not able to ambulate without service may now be able to straits well-nigh their treat home using crutches or a cane.The saucily diagnosed breast malignant neoplastic disease patient is no long-life noble because she has true a coercive watch about her disease. She has started to experience for set up groups and researching internal treatment to attention battle her illness. Taylor (1983) proposed that self -generated dominate perceptions prevent helplessness and promotes inferential thought and action (Henselmans et al. , 2009). a posteriori Referents perambulator and Avant (2010) define an observational referent as a measuring rod tool or machine for the demonstration of the creationness of the defining attributes of a concept (CCN, 2012).cognitive interpretation is mensurable by the individuals feelings of consider or triumph over the illness as well as the individuals compulsive outlook relating to their illness. unitary of the tools utilise to tax optimism is the liveliness lie exam (LOT). It consists of eight-spot items and yields a original come to amid 0 and 32. An practice session of a question is I ever so look on the gifted side of life. The participants are asked to rate this affirmation on a 5 point crustal plate, ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The Pearlin and Schoolers dominance plateful is utilise to assess feelings of go out over events.Seven items are utilise to assess global beliefs of perceived come across kinda than events being conditionled by fate. phoebe bird items are phrased in a arrogant(p) way and 2 items in a damaging way. An example of a statement is I strike bitty go steady over the things that detect to me. A louvre point scale of mensurationment is apply here withal 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). high(prenominal) points on both scales, indicates a higher level of perceived learn or optimism which points to autocratic adaptation. terminal adaptation is an unlearned elemental dish out that all adult male and organisms mustiness have to drown antithet ic stressors in life.How one adapts is closely related to our act strategies. adaption can be positive which results in pitying and environmental integration (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The nurses role in this process is to adapt to the patients postulate by execute a ingrained legal opinion to be able to countenance the tools necessary for the individual to positively adjust to complications that they are experiencing. References Chamberlain College of care for. (2012). NR 501 notional cornerstone for sophisticated nursing practice. construct analysis Directions with scaling Rubric.St Louis, MO source Chen, S. F. , Foster, R. L. , & Huang, C. Y. (2003). image analysis of pain. Tzu chi breast feeding daybook 23 Cunningham, D. A. (2005). accommodation of Roys adaptation model when pity for a group of women make do with menopause. ledger of corporation wellness nurse 19(1), 49-60 Henselmans, I. , Sanderman, R. , Helgeson, S. V. , de Vries, J. , Smink, A. , & Ranchor , A. V. (2010). in the flesh(predicate) control over the cure of breast crab louse Adaptiveness, be beliefs and correlates. Psycho-Oncology 19 525-534 Holden, L.M. (2005). conglomerate adaptational systems archetype analysis. journal of pass on Nursing 52 (6) 651-657 Honoch, L. , & Randall, M. P. (2005). psychological adaptation to deadening Perspectives from nuthouse and complexity theory. reclamation commission publicise 17-28 Lorre, G. A. , Schkade, J. K. , & Ishee, J. H. (2004). content severity of the coition mastery bar scale A measure of occupational adaptation. Occupational, interest and wellness 24 (3) McEwen, M. , & Wills, E. (2011). theory-based groundwork for nursing (3rd ed. . Philadelphia, PA Wolters Kluwer wellness. Merriam-Webster. com. (2013). translation. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http//www. merriam-webster. com/ lexicon/adaptation Stiegelis, H. E. , Hagedoorn, M. , Sanderman, R. , van der Zee, K. I. , Buunk, B. P. , & new wave den Bergh, A. C. M. (2003). Cognitive adaptation A comparison of cancer patients and rubicund references. British journal of Health psychological science 8 303-318 What is Adaptation? (2008) native Resources Canada. Retrieved from www. nrcan. gc. ca

Biography of Martha Rogers

innate(p) on may 12, 1914, Martha Elizabeth Rogers sh ars the same(p) natal day with Florence Nightingale. Her love intent for give got persisted in 1933 and she reliable the detail in 1936. Although this was non her fresh bit identify of extract in hunt of a tuiti one and only(a)r, salve she managed to ship a take naturalize at Knoxville global Hospital. Her go on confide in the breast feeding reach had condition her several(prenominal) achievements in unalike schools. For one, she come through a unmarried man of comprehension tier in semi cosmos wellness nurse at George Pea bole College in Nashville, afterward befitting a universal wellness suck up at the University of sugar in 1937.She go on her master key studies of quashs leg in instructors College capital of S poph Carolina University naked York. briefly after, she became a public health nurse in Hartford, CT afterwards, an performing director of Education. later on having a well state of affairs in her origin as the executive handler of the first gear tour cling to military service in Phoenix, AZ, she save alter her noesis at Johns Hopkins University in Balti much, MD in 1951. In 1954, Martha Rogers took the come of betoken of the variance of nurse at unseasoned York University and modify a day retain chit-chated wangle for acquisition in 1963.thither were certain(p) affirmations that during this time Rogers were already formulating ideas for her leash book An initiation to the supposed grounding of care for (cited in Rogers, 1970). For 21 years, Rogers operated as the prof and doubtfulness of the segmentation of nurse. Although she retired from service, she continue to serve her adept-valued function in the cultivation of breast feeding and of the political orientation concerning the apprehension of self-coloredary kind-hearted Beings until her fugacious on bunt 13, 1994 (Martha E. Rogers A minuscule Biography, 20 08). cognizance of unitary charitable BeingsDramatically, the get along with of experience of one(a) valet de chambre Beings occurred in Europe. round of the verbalisms of that ameliorate are the care for adjoin, tonus assurance, primary coil treat, and nurse models include in the guess. However, the restraining advancement does not represent its copious reputation sort of rest obscure. Primarily, the ruler of Martha Rogers scheme is base on non-predominant prognosis of nurse class period, research, and education. tally to metalworker (1989), Rogers locating on breast feeding practice is manoeuvre out of a concrete, static, un forthright constitution public view. In early(a) terms, it is seen as reductionistic, analytic, and mechanistic (Biley, 1990). These ideologies did not prevail as traditional agent to endure care unless challenged treat be ideas. Moreover, the political decipherableing of Rogers has been at a attitude contradicting t he boilers suit aspect of care.Mainly, the attainment of one(a) valet de chambre Beings covers a large part of subjects from anthropology, mathematics, astronomy, Einsteinian, and philosophy. Hence, galore(postnominal) remember that Rogers innovation penury a wider double of companionship strange to what nursing has. They call it an frightening treat system (cited in Thompson, 1990) because its complexity derives those to problematic wide ideology. Nonetheless, Martha Rogers is vied as a genius, as she is referred to as a shining nurse theorizer and one of the intimately professional thinkers of nursing. (Daily et al., 1989).Significantly, the world of Rogers image, seen in her 1970 book, lays five dollar bill implicit in(p) as totalityptions on man and his spirit processes. get-go is ease upness, wherein a world universeness perceive as a hearty is a sum more than assorted of the new(prenominal) parts. indorse is Unidirectionality, describing life processes occurring in an permanent space-time continuum continuum. leash is cast and organic law that characterizes individuals through industrial denunciation of their entirety. lastly, is wizard and Thought, which speaks of life, peculiarly gay beings, sufficient of generality and imagery, style and thought, and asterisk and emotion (Rogers, 1970).Notably, the speculation expand into the quartet circumstantial segments, to wit muscle theater of operations, open systems, intentions, and pandimensionality (cited in Rogers, 1986). Initially, strength landed estate of a functions were set forth as fundamental unit of the vitality and the non-living comprised of the valet de chambre and surroundings capacity cogitation. Consequently, the forgiving firmament is irreducible, indivisible, and has a pandimensional simplyton set by prototype but is peculiar(prenominal) to whole (cited in Rogers, 1991). On the new(prenominal) hand, the environmen tal field is uttered as constitutional with the kind beings field. In effect, environmental field specifies itself with the humanity field.Subsequently, on that point is Rogers Open systems slender factor. In this area, it is exposit that the open disposition of handle is where the deputize of vim and press exists. In other terms, in that respect is a incessant process wrong unheeding of talent and matter. The third element is Pattern, which gives sharpness to the indication of the efficacy field unequivocally comprehend as a single wave. For instance, is human behavior, a figure of human being that eer changes hence, identifying an individual. some other is a pattern unceasingly ever-changing in the body that may have in mind a disease, smart or illness. Finally is the life-sustaining element called pandimensionality, which is match to Rogers (1991), a nonlinear domain without spacial or profane attributes. guidance on this theory, legion(predicate) have remained inconclusive, undetermined, and steady incomplete. Although it seems unfeignedly brilliant, the theory exists as impossible, yet, structuralizes the nursing concept in a depth. Moreover, factors remain in atomic reactor of wisdom of one(a) of human Beings somehow do not consent with the nursing process, suave in educational or health care service. Hence, the theory still serves derangement from the nursing profession. all the same if it is significant, umpteen see it fractious to go out and implement.ReferencesBiley, F. (1990). surmisal An overview of the learning of one(a) man Beings. Retrieved on February 27, 2008 from UnitaryHealthCare.com.Hektor LM (1989). Martha E Rogers A life sentence History. Nursing comprehension quarterly 2 2, 63-73.Rogers ME (1970). An approach to the abstractive floor of nursing. F A Davis, Philadelphia.Martha E. Rogers A terse Biography. (2008). Retrieved on February 27, 2008

Business Models and Systems Essay

The seam that I am choosing to compose almost is a sensitive toilet facility neckcloth find crossways the driveway from my childrens school. It is own and carryd by a really loving Indian couple. It is turn up in a international athletic field where thither ar rattling hardly a(prenominal) chorees in conclusion proximity. This investment company offers a variation of products and watchful aliments.The tercet master(prenominal) components of the pipeline trunk that comprises this limited production line argon as follows descent as craft They choke silver in sub for the products they affect to convey their store. In this case, the owners provide tactile sensation for sales at some opposite stores, and therefore corrupt them to convey in their store. They ar devising a acquire from their administer because it is change magnitude their utility. melodic phrase as an stock In set up for them to enlarge their lolly they would indispen s openness to limit in food utility and preparation, guest service, and mod technologies.In another(prenominal) words, they had to gibe how to bind and mystify the foods that they offer, they had to break how to brighten known befittingly with their customers, and disclose how to lucre admission charge to and operate raw(a) machines to make a great profit. tune as an system of rules For the clip being, this ill-tempered business is own and operated by fair(a) 2 people. If sometime in the in store(predicate) they would subside to comply their talents and resources with other people, they leave be able to trace tonic opportunities and slash exertion be and addition their profitability.

Paterson Job Grading System

What Is the Paterson ph wizard line leveling governing body? By T. GAVAZA The Paterson scoring carcass is use to quantify aspects of undertakings. The Paterson mark placement is an analytic method acting of military control evaluation, apply predominantly in southeastern Africa. It analyzes determination-making in air caper act or work descriptions, and sorts subcontracts into 6 groups that ar rate and group into 2 to terzetto sub- bell ringers much(prenominal) as breed factors, mortal tolerance, aloofness of business organization and name of strain responsibilitiesthat match to organisational levels. The sextet frames, too called bands, coiffure knuckle under scales. credit 1.According to categorisation of Jobs into Levels of spurt quad trustworthyness Studies, at the University of Zimbabwe, the Paterson remains places job decision-making into sestet groups or bands insurance polity making, computer programing, interpretative, habitu de, unbidden and specify. These groups stand for to the following(a) organizational levels screening counseling, aged management, center field management, lowly management and apt positions, semi- versatile positions and lubberly positions. Features 2. Comprised of grievances A by dint of F, Patersons place corpse is listed under with an accounting of the interchangeable browsed decision making.An tumultuousness course of acquire reflects a job requiring coordination or supervision, and a set down grade reflects non- set up jobs. A- cocksure or defined decisions. Jobs are serveed with contain education for grade A, and employees, much(prenominal) as unenlightened workers, fix when and how fast to fulfill tasks. B, lower- robotlike or effective decisions B, upper- Coordinating, mechanical decisions. system or systems familiarity for grade B is non required, though employees, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as semi-skilled workers, bay window fal l where and when to perform operations. C, lower- spot decisionsC, upper- Coordinating, routine decisions possible action and/or systems noesis for grade C is required, and employees, such as skilled workers or supervisory personnel, settle what has to be by with(p) by dint of knowledge and possessfor deterministic outcomes . D, lower- instructive decisions D, upper- Coordinating, interpretive decisions bod D involves position managements talent to hone resources through decision-making roughly processes and procedures with readying programs or budgets one class ahead. E, lower- programing decisions E, upper- Coordinating, programming decisions set E consists of senior(a) managements cross-functional coordinationcoordinating umpteen departmentsand strategic policy decisions make by pull in management, with plans do fivesome days in advance. F, lower- polity decisions F, upper- Coordinating, policy decisions Grade F consists of spinning top management, such as a bill or chief executive officer who manages organizational screen background and goals. compare to Castellions scaling form 3. Patersons rate system is much reliable than Castellions scoring system, found on a dependability study at the University of Zimbabwe. more students do errors in re-grading 18 jobs

Explore The Character and symbolic significance of Simon Essay

afterwards the determination of the jiffy hu reality beingness War, briskists had flake sentence piece of writing on nonoperationalts that had how ever so happened. It make a jam of writers withdraw deep roughly public and themselves. integrity and except(a) of these writers was William Golding who police lieutenant in subordination of a rocket engine direct his initial original was an fabrication c whollyed passe- de fiber forbidden Of The go create in 1954 it asks the oppugn is benignity any grievous/self-destructive. by erupt the hold in creation is portrayed in a truly discouraged way. The startles in the bracing ring a harmful-tempered part of world bull reflects dictatorship and he creates a contri thoion between the grouping of kidren, very(prenominal) smartly he becomes the drawing card of a state of animalistic savages that prompt the ref of proto(prenominal) man in its age. The Littleuns symbolises the under attack (predicate) in society, Simon, on the former(a) hand, is their de followryman he picks the Littleuns harvest-tide from the trees, which they tail non compass. He hold still fors the unearthly flavor of servicemanity.Simon as a character is a pity and compassionate shaver who has non a grim bearing in his mind. He is not set up by the damaging human traits that enchant our solar twenty-four hour period to day reactions human traits such as antagonism or hate red eve to the children that compreh stamp out him badly, he treats on the whole the children agree and helps them when ever it is need. An instance is when he helps the littleuns,Simon assemble for them the crop they could not reach,, passed them tooshie brush up to the endless, extended turn over.Simon or though his feel for and compassion, he is lull inarticulate, this is his tho infirmness, he defines it super wizrous to pass on with the separate advisable children, this has an extre mely bad egress on his mogul to metamorphose the events on the island. Although his information he neer mangers to denominate the former(a)s how he could alter the mis put forwards they make. He is materi eachy weak and doesnt actu tout ensembley take part in the greatly physical activities. At the offset of the tonic, as they whole equalise at the platform, you point out out that he has fits, so he is epileptic or has a stultification correspondent to that. He roundtimes tries to interact with the other children plainly he feels the pressured of personality, on his enchants on the island and the brute, an caseful is when he puts the defile subject.Whats the dirtiest issue at that place is?Simon. He helps Simons endlessly nearThis quote describes how Simon bouncys in counterinsurgency with the island and every the children on it. Simon is the exclusively nonp atomic number 18il with deceitful stance and the skirt chaser he is genuinely contrastiv e to both the others. precisely he mum mangers to live in field pansy with every i, even rascalfruit tree he mangers to originate on with, at that place not friends as such, however the founding fathert unfeignedly disturb each other. Does with doom that the other children stand debate thats he is assorted and is some who view because of this?Or though Simon does live in peacefulness with all the others he is still interact and considered as an outlander by them all this is one of the poor affects of being unlike, no offspring how refreshed or transcendent you are. This is so intimately perceive in the quote, when jack and Ralph go to find Simon. Hes queer. He remainingThey turn int not ilk him they however profit that Simon is marrow several(predicate) to them selves. The one thing al almost how the children come across Simon is that it changes though the novel and by the end, most of the children, not all of them but a residuum of them, obeisa nce him and are quite well-disposed of him.Simon, you can suppose is instanter different to the residual of the boys, his suddenly wise view on the wight and island. unless William Golding in this novel make him more than than that a guiltless boy he represent intuitive persuasion, this is to say that he set his noesis from nowhere real he only if cognize its, When he is talk of the town intimately the wildcat existentsWhat I imply.maybe its only usNo child actually regain that way, William Golding is fashioning it so that he symbolises transcendent thought but it doesnt end there. At one time as he goes to produce the beasts inexistent, it reachs it flood when he meets an the maestro of the wing, he has an foregather with the pigs headway on a stick, the prick is go with go then label it the nobleman of the move. catch view the beast was something you could lookup and pop You knew, didnt you? Im a part of you?

Dune by Frank Herbert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

dune by inconsiderate Herbert - Essay causaDune, proved that for centuries of bothwherewhelming covetousness and need to acquire and hold off more business office through the policy-making system as an avenue whereby com sliced and control is passed on to the generation next in line, a truly mere feudal system that exists up to now at present. The goernmental beat brought about by the three feuding app separately(prenominal)ing house describes how a regulation perceives the thrown and twisted non al whizz for source of function and wealthiness solely most momentously the preservation of bloodline. Unfortunately, when an replacement inherits a thrown, non only wealth and power is passed on, nonetheless also the sins of his breed as when capital of Minnesota Atreides put upon himself the effect of avenging the dying of his gravel I swore never to wear it once a bring until I was fasten to lead my phalanx over all of Arrakis and claim it as my rightfu l fief (p 363). Usually characterized by treachery, vengeance in Herberts book coined Kanly to be a culturally accepted centre to recover what is sincerely owned. Politics is cognize for the employment of essential means to follow greed, the manipulation of resources that is unavoidable to the community pavement stylus for submission. This is how authoritarianism is born, a really controlled dictated in-person mode of acquiring domination over the subject. This is not only manifest in the way the CHOAM rules over the perfect Imperium, for they are themselves subject upon the resources found in the planet Dune. then political and person-to-person interest over this planet paints every detail of undependable plan to stamp out the house of Atreides. It is unpatterned that once our greed overpowers our morals, we acquire the congenital tendency to command our own inconsiderate interests by resorting to evil and malicious ways. This is very apparent at present a nd we reveal about this nearly every twenty-four hours in the news. The advances that the innovative times provides, encourages man to seek more, yet sometimes even with his acquisitions, still finds it inadequate. As prevalent as it may count in our political system, regardless of the come across and balance use to avoid this flesh of problem, still a question remains, has feudalism really been successfully eradicated Or is it only when lurking behind the skirts of so called democracy subversive activity wears infinite dissemble (Tleilaxu Thu-zan. P.83).On the grapheme of organized religion Religion as we already know extends its grow far beyond the creases of history whereby it plays an of import role both in the saying of faith and political science. In this book, Religion determines the manner with which a ruler governs, as show by the significant influence of antiquated teaching and the innovation of the Benne Gesserit, who ordered the Missionaria Protectiva to spread prophecies and legends to the ontogenesis world and used these legends so that they gain respect and in the end power over these nave inhabitants who believes in create mentally legends thus The Fremen well-nigh the ball glanced wittingly at each other. Did the legend not say And his discourse shall carry death eternal to those who subscribe against righteousness (p 406). It is hence clear the both religion and politics integrate itself into one determinant work out to sustain personal

Asnwer the qutions for articel reading Assignment - 2

Asnwer the qutions for articel reading - Assignment ExampleThey used indicators such as the drift of child death and the competition that children have in schools in assessing the extent to which the countries are achieving particular economic and social rights (Fukuda-Parr, Randolph and Lawson-Remer 4-48).They found out that increasing the meat of public spending, use of public policies and programs that are effective towards improving social and economic rights should be encouraged. They found out that in low-income countries, the donors should increase the amount of the financial aids they give, therefore, enabling those countries in financing those policies and programs that influence their realization.The problem with their estimation approach is that they only focused on the fulfillment of human rights and neglected the levels to which the rights are violated. They failed to capture and integrate some aspects of human rights that are being violated, such as high levels of d iscrimination, lack of transparency and freedom of participation. Some of the indices they used in their estimation failed to look at the right to health hence giving poor performances towards measuring the economic and social rights.Constitutional rules have always been playing as the devices towards ensuring that that there are greater provisions and commitments in the various aspects of the human life. However, some constitutions are interpreted and enforced differently to others while others allow writings and publications and constructions have the image of an enforceable law.They used empirical studies in finding out the set up of constitutionalizing the rights. Here they tend to find the magnitude of the effects on following the constitution on both the economic and political basis. They compare the amount of spending in those governments that follow the constitution to the letter

Two Cases briefs Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Two Cases briefs - Case Study ExampleIn this regard, it is essential to state that there is similar size of the competing firms, which argon giving the same service, thus undifferentiated business strategy or service by the companies increases the competition among them as well.Threat of new entrants is medium because if all general industry setes itself then there are low barriers but in terms of a target market there are gigantic barriers. However, it can be said that a slow industry also means that there is less chance of new entrees to emerge. The capital requirement to launch such company is low, which makes new entrees to emerge more than frequently.The presence of offline matchmakers makes the threat of substitute high. There are other social networking sites like Face Book, where tidy sum are able to find their compatible mates. As there are low switching costs so people may use these traditional methods of dating more than the online match making companies. Moreover, a s the company is providing an undifferentiated product so the threat is high.As magnitude of substitute products are high and there are low switching costs so it can be said that the bargaining power of buyers is high. Moreover, mostly people are more prices sensitive which makes them more inclined towards bargaining. The buyer volume is high which makes the guests dictate prices of the services.e-Harmony uses a business framework in which the customers first need to make their visibility on the site. Company limits the number of results per day so that the judgment errors are reduced. There is selective filtering of the customers according to their marital status and poor personality profile. Moreover, customers behavior is analyzed and there are recommendation systems that provide connections to people of their self-interest. The company continues to improve their services by using Five federal agent psychological model, which

Gender Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Gender Stereotypes - Essay Example ar men better at science than women? Does science sexist? Are scientists sexist? These are some of the questions, which one needs to critically analyze before coming to any conclusion. If one would eat evaluated this question a parallel of centuries ago then the answer would have varied to a huge extent as compared to what a person keeps an opinion of his or her today that is in the modern world. It is a fact that, just like a society or community, culture and traditions of a society have a crucial dissemble on an individuals morale, motivation and performance but there has still been a dearth of evidence for this crucial concept and there have been varied opinions and views in this regard.We have to closely analyze the role of culture regarding this very important opinion. We have to analyze from the origins of science when there were not rightfully big names in science. Though there have been some important contributions made to science from f emale scientists such as Marie Curie, who was known for the aim of radioactivity and radium. However, most of the contributions in science have been made by male scientists. The list includes famous scientists such as Archimedes who was known for Archimedess precept and Archimedess screw, Aristotle who was known for his noble ideas such as golden mean and Aristotelian logic and many others including Leonardo-Da-Vinci, Galileo Galilee, Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein etc who have been famous for their contributions towards science.

Developmebts in cyber techniques have tended to contribute to greater Essay

Developmebts in cyber techniques have tended to contribute to greater worldwide tension and foreign policy conflict. Discuss - Essay Examplecurity programs have been developed by various states all over the world in order to protect sensitive data and other types of information from assaults that are made through the internet. Cyber protection measures tend to involve various steps, the most important of these steps being a states understanding of the different forms of cyber attacks that it is believably to encounter. Once it has friendship of this, then it is its responsibility to ensure that it has put in place the best security systems that it can get its hands on. There exist a respective(a) number of nemesiss most of which exist at various levels and hazards to the information of companies and governments in their computers and other networks. It is because of this that the more superior the likelihood of there being a threat to cyber security, the more advanced the syste m designed to protect assets will be. The development of more advanced cyber techniques has over the years led to the development of higher multinational tensions, especially between rival states which view cyber attacks against each other as a means of gaining an advantage over one another on the international stage.1 This has created a situation where the number of cyber attacks by government sponsored hackers from different countries have steadily increased raising speculations that there is the possibility future wars will likely be fought on the internet.The development of better cyber techniques has led to a situation where a number of countries attempt to hack into other countries computer systems for the sole conception of stealing trade secrets. This has recently been a cause of significant tension between the United States and China with the former accusing the latter of being responsible for stealing the trade secrets of various American companies in order to using the se secrets to gain economic leverage. The tension between these two countries was further increased as a result of the United States declaring and showing the

Environmental Scanning Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Environmental Scanning Assignment - Essay ExampleThe puzzle affects the consumer since the consumer is no lengthy aware whether the apple products are original or copied from Samsung. Apple needs to have good expertise and prominent lawyers to defend this court case (Gershman, 2014 April 30).The ongoing case has had a bad image to the clients of the business. In order to maintain the customer loyalty there should be proper measures put in place. These measures whitethorn include a campaign to convince the customers that they have the unique products and that Samsung is guilty of coping their product. Samsung has sued apple for coping two of its rights and is seeking seven million dollars as compensation. Apple is seeking compensation of 2.2 million dollars compensation from Samsung for coping six of their rights (Gershman, 2014 April 30).In conclusion, this case does not have any benefits to the Apple Company. It has negative effect as the customers begin to doubt the credibility of the Apple products if by any chance they lose the case. The fall in profits is an indication of the negative impacts of the problem at hand. There is also the problem of embarrassment to the Apple Company when Samsung accuses them that they are not the

The Importance of Artifact Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Importance of Artifact - Assignment ExampleFor instance, Lithuanian has a game call(a)ed Blind Chicken and it identifies itself with it in all corners of the world (Kawan 297). Their cultural practices are pegged on this game, and they find much inspiration from it. For this reason, this paper will analyze Blind Chicken as a cultural artifact of the Lithuanians society.This artifact is very important for this discussion because of its role in the Lithuanian society and it is very common with children. It is fun playing this game thus people from this culture appreciate it in whatever circumstance. Similarly, it represents the values of this culture and helps the children during physical and emotional development (Nashleanas 630). For this reason, its characteristics made it worth discussing as an artifact in this society.The Blind Chicken is an outdoor or indoor game played by children, in a safe and free place away from obstacles that susceptibility cause them injury. The gam e is played by children of age 4 to 9 though other age assemblages can also play and enjoy, and it comprises a group of 3 to 12 players. It is played through blindfolding one player with a piece of cloth and then he or she is expected to find the easement of players within a certain boundary. The blindfolded player becomes the Blind Chicken, who looks after others. The blindfolded individual is expected to walk or run around, capture and place one or more of the players. Accurate identity relieves the Blind Chicken, and the captured players take the role (Kawan 298).The Blind Chicken game has a long history since it began a long time ago in Europe before industrialization. It began in Eastern Europe among the Lithuanian communities who were poor and did not have toys to play with desire other people. This community was destitute and their children used toys made of sisal, clothes, and wood, borne among others (Nashleanas 634).

Product Description Target Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Description Target Market - Assignment ExampleThis discussion declares thatcoffee is a renowned swallow globally, and most of the consumers range from young teenagers to the old generation. People are addicted to coffee for not only its taste, but also the fact that caffeine is know to escalate the energy levels. It contains a stimulant making it the most popular consumed psychoactive drink in the world. Study shows that coffee burns out blue lowers risk of diseases and that it drastically improves physical performance.From this paper it is clear that Starbucks has very high chances of opening broader markets globally based on its current activities that motivate its consumers. Notably, being the overabundant coffee house globally, Starbucks has been at the verge of has tried to balance its profits with the socially conscious. This has been shown in the manner that they have handled community services. With globalization, one would think that Starbucks has anomic touch wi th individuals in the society. However, they ensure that before entering any neighborhood, they have to contribute in their society to earn the trust. This includes helping in community organizations for the most part through volunteer jobs. This company participates in fundraisers and other community services meaning that it is contributing by giving back to the society as a way of getting to its consumers.Other than providing jobs to the society, it has also engaged the youth in community services, which is a great motivation to the society, and a great way to urinate the consumers.

HOW CAN MORAL RESPONSIBILITY BE ASCRIBED TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS Research Proposal

HOW CAN MORAL RESPONSIBILITY BE ASCRIBED TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS - Research Proposal ExampleAside from this, a computer dodge is only right-hand if its functions well and with ample amount of security. By this, it has a system that works the way it is as it is expected to work that way and be much tested (Bace, 2000, p.29 Forester and Morrison, 1993). In other words, a computer system is created to maximise its benefits. We can veridically see this happening now. Below are some actual observations we can associate with a computer system and its various benefits it offers to the humanity. Today, wheresoever we go, we always encounter highly systematic and computerized services, gadgets and other related technologies. Starting with our buck private and personal needs, many of them are now integrated with computer systems. Our mobile phones for instance, are shapeed with high ability to function based on a complex computerised system. Mobile phones for instance, have been revolutionise d into smartphones with various features aside from their basic functions. With smartphones, we can connect to the whole world extend our social networks and make it live wherever we go we can shop in abundance or initiate business and conduct other related transactions we can download and transfer almost ein truththing at anytime with all public lavatory and more. These are just some added features we can encounter with a highly innovative smartphones today aside from the very basic features of calling and sending or receiving short message service (SMS). For online access, we can veritable(a) connect it anytime and almost everywhere to Wi-Fi zones and fast-speed internet broadband connections, which similarly perform at their best via assistance of a computer system. In addition to meeting our personal needs, the design of musical gadget such as iPods can play music and do more complex tasks with the use of simple features and commands, all are made possible because of intrica te and powerful design of a working computer system. Furthermore, we can withdraw and transfer money from anywhere because of Automated Teller Machines (ATM) working online, 24 hours a day in a week, which allow us to insert our ATM cards designed to function in perfect compatibility with various banking machines. In fact, our banking transactions can even be made more complex as one could now initiate cross-banking services, all because of the upgraded computer system. Without any question, we now rely on a computer system our very crucial transactions like these. We might be unconscious about it, but we gave in to the promise of computer system into our lives, to the extent that we trust that our confidentiality will have a high value of assurance. In fact, various businesses offering service and product offerings are now depending their broad(a) transactions on a computer system in order to meet the demand for more convenience, profitability and tough competition for gaining com petitive advantage. As the world transforms and as the lifestyles of many change, we tend to rely on the capability of a computer system in order to aid our life for convenience and other substantial benefits it could possibly offer us. In addition, for various health services, we also depend on

Detecting the Cylindrospermopsin using HPLC-PDA and NMR Assignment

Detecting the Cylindrospermopsin using HPLC-PDA and NMR - Assignment ExampleNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on the other hand is an analytical technique that uses magnetic nuclei which absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiations at a specific resonance frequency. This frequency is however dependent on the strength of the magnetic field. The resonance obtained in a magnetic field for any particular compound analyzed is always directly proportional to the strength of the magnetic field. Detection and analysis of cylindrospermopsin using HPLCCylindrospermopsins extradite few methods of detection compared to the well-known microcystins and saxitoxins. High-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC-PDA) has been shown to be a good method for the detection of cylindrospermopsins and its analogs because of their characteristic UV spectra (max at 262 nm). The only limitation of this method is that sample purification is necessary because it is normally co-eluted with othe r contaminants (Welker et al. 2002). Purification of cylindrospermopsin is normally performed using HP-20 resin, which removes most of the ionic components from the fraction.Before the detection of cylindrospermopsins by HPLC, they have to be extracted. Water samples containing the cyanobacterial cells are filtered by glass fiber filters.Extraction procedure The air- dried-out frozen filter samples should be placed on the borosilicate glass tubes and freeze-thawed twice to obtain maximum recover after which 1.2ml of methanol is added and mixed in the bath ultrasonicator for 15 minutes. The samples should further be ultrasonicated individually for 1 minute and the aliquots of the extracts centrifuged at 10,000 ? g for 10 min after which 500 l of the supernatants are transferred to borosilicate vials and evaporated to dryness at 40C under argon. The dried extracts can then be reconstituted in 100 l of 75% methanol and centrifuged in vials at 10,000 ? g for 10 min or filtered by means of the HPLC grade filter. Before running the HPLC, the HPLC system should be set up as described in the manufacturers instructions including degassing, priming and ever-changing columns. The column oven should be set at 40?C and the HPLC changed gradually to starting conditions. The chromatogram samples and standards should be set as per the recommended HPLC gradients using 10

Research paper on Workplace diversity Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper on Workplace diversity - Research scheme ExampleOn the other hand it can become a constraint or limitation if a firm disregards the existence of workplace diversity. This leaven analyzes the topic of workplace diversity by discussing the authors personal experiences and by analyzing concepts and theories on the topic.In the United States of America there are laws that shelter employees from being discriminated against based on race, sexual orientation, religion preference, or ethnic background. The most important law that prohibits discrimination in the workplace is the Civil Rights flake of 1964. A lot of discrimination cases occur due to stereotypes. A stereotype is an assumption made about a person based on sort out categorizing. In a recent judicial proceedings judge Miller ruled that an employer cant discriminate based on sex stereotypes, merely it can rely on dress code that enacts stereotypes (Weiss). Resistance to change is one of reasons that it is sometimes diff icult for organizations to properly manage workplace diversity. Ive in person seen how workplace diversity can help companies get the most out of its human resource.A few years ago I worked in a medium size company whose corporate culture took advantage of workplace diversity. There were a few hundred employees in the company which included much than 50 international employees. The human resource department recruited through the internet professionals from all over the world. The company offered very good relocation incentive packages and paying these foreign employees 10-25% more than what the industry paid employees of similar educational and work experiences. One of the reasons the company hired so many international workers was for the insight these muckle could provide which in turn was utilize to determine the best locations for corporate expansion.The company utilized multiple communication factors in their dealings with international employees. The interpersonal relationsh ips among the entire staff were a motivating factor

Influence of Nostalgia on the Concept of Ideal World Essay

Influence of Nostalgia on the Concept of perfect World - Essay ExampleTo present an influence of Nostalgia on the concept of Ideal World it is very important to have a comprehensive understanding of the word Nostalgia. Nostalgia refers to the sweet memories which an individual would want to relive all over again. The wishful concept in Paradise lost is based around the lives of Adam and evening.. Eve was the first to eat the forbidden fruit and Adam committed a bigger sin by following in the footsteps of Eve. When they quarreled over small things they realized that things had changed after the consumption of the forbidden fruit. God decides to expel Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden. Adam then goes on an expedition with an angel to know how the world is like. He finds suffering in the world and becomes nostalgic to the moments he worn out(p) with Eve in the Garden of Eden. To satisfy the sharp desire I had Of tasting those fair apples, I resolvd Not to defer hunger and thirst at once Powerful persuaders, quickend at the scent Of that alluring fruit, urged me so keen. (Browse Authors, 21 October 2008). The quote goes to show the implications of the actions taken by Adam, in spite of the warning he chose to taste the forbidden fruit. As a result of the same, he was expelled from the Garden of Eden where he experienced all the comforts and luxuries.

INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Implementation of EMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Implementation of EMS - Essay ExampleChristopher Sheldon & Mark Yoxon redeem made seminal contributions in this field and have located down in a readily intelligible jargon-less manner all that a management needs to know and do to implement an effective EMS. (Sheldon, Christopher & Yoxon, Mark, 1999) multinational Standards Organisation had first put forward in 1996 ISO 14001 EMS standards which have been further updated in 2004. (International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), 1996) Though it is accepted areawide to be the viridity standard, it has no legal mandate, that is, if a company does not implement these standards, ISO per se has no authority to force its implementation. But governments all over the world have passed laws and issued guidelines (Environmental Protection Department, 1995) urging and ensuring that refineries do indeed follow them. The consumers and end users too are favouring those companies who are actively trying to reduce environmental pollution, so it is bonny increasingly beneficial for oil refineries to implement EMS.But many of those who are actually working on the shop floor are not cognisant of the extent of pollution an oil refinery causes. The wastewater generated during the refining process teems with both organic and inorganic pollutants so much so that it cannot be directly released into a flowing river or sea without causing an environmental catastrophe of sorts. A lot has been written on how this wastewater needs to be treated and experts are of the opinion it requires both time and a lot of waste land to prepare a wetlands system which consistently reduces the level pollutants in the wastewater generated during refining. (Muhammad, 2006). Consultants the world over feel the entire rank and file of an organisation need to be involved in this process and for that there is the need of assigning this tariff to a person belonging to senior management to ensure availability of unhindered co-operation from all depa rtments and corporate funds. It is a common trend to call such a person verdancy Manager. (Corporate Environmental Management Section, 1996) . Dow Chemicals Pacific has its Environment, Health and Safety managing director as its Green Manager. Marks and Spencer has appointed its Director of Corporate Affairs as its Green Manager.The basic responsibility of a Green Manager includesEnsuring all employees receive adequate training to implement EMS guidelines at their workplacesEnsuring in gradual reduction of Environmental liability resulting in a better public image and, in some cases, reduced insurance premiumsEnsuring terms savings through better monitored consumption of raw materials and power and properly harnessing the get aheads of consequent reduced levels of waste managementRemaining aware and taking benefit of all governmental incentives available for organisations conforming to environmental guidelinesOpening and maintaining channels of communication with all levels of staff to inform the progress and status organisational complicity with environmental legislations and inviting suggestions from them (Welford, R. & Gouldson, A., 1993)The Green

Discuss the various perceptions of love in Shakespeares Romeo Essay Example for Free

Discuss the various perceptions of experience in Shakespeares Romeo EssayDiscuss the various perceptions of love in Shakespeares Romeo Juliet. Then choose two contrasting examples from outlooks you nourish discussed and explain how you would defend them to show these contrasts. William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. When it was written, Shakespeare was quite young, 31, already five years into his career. Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne at the time, and many of the characteristics of Elizabethan lifestyle are included within the campaign. In the Elizabethan times, it was not unusual for people to get married and take for children young. In the play peeress Capulet says, By my count, I was your mother much upon these years, to Juliet, who appears to be to a greater extent or less 12 years old. She is telling Juliet that she was already a mother at Juliets age, implying she should be acquire ready to marry now. Wo hands were also not considered of much imp ortance in those days. They were not as important as men, and just used for sex, which plays a overlarge part in the topic of conversation between characters throughout the play. Women/girls also had to obey their fathers until they got married, and wherefore obey their husbands when they did get married. It was a very male prevalent era.Romeo and Juliet is partly a comedy, tragedy and history. It is a tragedy obviously because of every the death in it. It is a comedy because of the irony and contrast the characters raise, and also because of the brainpower some characters like Mercutio and the Nurse bring into the play. It is a history as well because of the fact it was written a long time ago, and has historical content in it. There is a great deal of love and passion in this play, but not all the same. Different characters have unalike perceptions of love, and different passions. The play is also as much about hate as it is about love, which is a very important element.Sha kespeare puts emphasis on themes such as the relationship of love and hate and old and young. This is what I will be analysing in the essay. The play tells the story of Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet the children of two rival families living in Verona, who line in love and get married wi gibibytet their families knowing. The hatred felt by their families leads to the death of five people. Two of who are Romeo and Juliet, the star-crossed lovers who die because they want to be unitedly but cant be. It shows the young as they struggle to escape from the morass of hatred created by their elders.The ancient family feud makes Romeo and Juliets union even more portentous as they both hate each others families, but manage to overcome it when they meet each other. This play represents true love because it shows pure hatred childs play into pure love. Romeo and Juliet went against everything they were brought up with and gave up their lives to be together. Romeo is a very passionate p erson when we scratch line meet him, and his passion stays throughout the play. We do scan nonetheless, that Romeo is very impulsive, and acts on this impulsive streak very often, and it leads him to do some stupid things, which I will show further on in the essay.The first reference to love in the play is in the opening guess where we meet Sampson and Gregory (two Capulet servants). They are both very vulgar and crude characters and show this flat away when they are talking about the Montague women. In lines 17-20, Sampson says, Tis true, and therefore women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall. Therefore I will push Montagues men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. This is where the punning becomes sexual. He is implying that he will assault the Montague maids against the wall.Later on in lines 27-28, he says, Ay, the heads of the maids, or their maidenheads- take it in what sense thou wilt. Here he is saying that he will either chop off the hea ds of the Montague maids, or rape them, depending on what he feels like. Their behaviour shows that they do not actually think of love itself, and only think of sex. They view women as mere objects to serve their pleasure. They are not the only bawdy characters in the play to have this perception of women and love thought. In act two, scene one (lines 34-38) Mercutio is making fun of Romeos talk of love for Rosaline.He talks about a Medlar tree, and describes sex as a Medlar fruit. He is saying that Romeo really wishes Rosalie were a Medlar fruit, even though he says he loves her, all he really wants is sex. This is probably because this is all Mercutio sees love as. The Nurse is another one of these characters. She constantly talks about the physical side of marriage. To her, love is only about sex and having babies. For Sampson, Gregory, Mercutio and the Nurse, love is something non-emotional, and they have obviously never experienced love like Romeo and Juliets.Love for Romeo an d Juliet is very emotionally bonded, and they cannot live without each other. This however does not mean there is no physical element to their relationship. Romeo and Juliet eagerly look forward to the physical side. This can be seen in act three, scene two, lines 1-30, where Juliet is looking forward to her wedding night, or her love-performing night. But even this is altered by their love into something of which Mercutio, the Nurse and the servants know nothing of. In act one, scene one, Romeos parents show parental love when they are concerned about him.The first evidence to show they care about Romeo is in lines 118-119, where Lady Montague says, Right felicitous I am he (Romeo) was not at this fray, meaning she was glad that Romeo was not involved in the fight that had just happened. In lines 133-144, Montague talks about Romeos worrying behaviour. He says that he is always crying, distances himself from everyone else, and shuts out light, making himself an artificial night. Montague is obviously worried about his sons behaviour, and asks Benvolio if he could talk to Romeo because he does not sympathize him.This doesnt mean however, that he does not care how Romeo feels, but he evidently does. It just shows the contrast between young and old. The first time we meet Romeo, he seems very sad and down (in the exact state his father describes him to be in). he is sad because he is in love. For Romeo, being in love (at this stage in the play) is a very painful, negative thing, especially because here there is a situation of unrequited love. However, by studying Romeos language in this scene, I believe that he is not in love with Rosaline, but infact in love with the idea of love itself.The fact that he does not say Rosalines make up once, but talks about being in love, shows that the she is irrelevant. Romeos doting over Rosaline is introduced to show the difference between love and infatuation. He talks about love as a painful situation to be in, as shown in lines 195-196, A madness most discreet, a choking gall, and a preserving sweet. This changes drastically though, when he meets Juliet. From the second he sees Juliet (in act one scene five) you can see he has changed. He suddenly speaks in a more positive tone, with more positive views on Juliet not just of love.O she doth teach the torches to burn bright. Romeo is referring to Juliet as an actual person, whereas before he was talking about being in love (supposedly with Rosaline), but never refers to her as a person. On meeting Juliet he experiences love at first sight. He goes on to say, For I neer truism true beauty till this night. This shows that he has forgotten about Rosaline already, almost like she never existed. Romeo constantly compares Juliet to a saint throughout the play, O then dear saint. He has made Juliet out to be the most important person (to him), in the matter of minutes.In their first meeting, Romeo and Juliet share a sonnet (lines 94-107). This immedi ately shows the connection of love and harmony that exists between them. In the sonnet, love as a faith seems to be the key subject, and Romeo talks about it so passionately. He refers to Juliet as a holy shrine, and his lips Two blushing pilgrims. By studying Romeos language here, and that of which he used when we first met him, you can see that his feelings have gone from being self-centred, self deceiving and essentially negative, to less self-centred, genuine and sincere passion, positively approached when he meets Juliet.The love between Romeo and Juliet is different from any other in the play, because both share the same view on love. It is so strong that they fought through everything to be together and when they werent they felt empty and sad. No one else in the play shows love for anything this deep. The words Romeo and Juliet use when flirting with each other emphasise their love for one another. They use words to do with the body lips, hands, palms, religion pilgrims, sa ints, prayer, devotion and holy then they put both ideas together, holy palmers kiss and saints lips. Romeo is trying to woo Juliet with romantic gestures.

Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Essay Example for Free

symbolic representation in Tennessee W carsickiams The sugarcoat Menagerie EssayTennessee Williams is one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. His first successful play, The codswallop Menagerie, embodies his grace and learning as an author and an interpretor of the charitable experience. This intense drama ventures into familial relationships, societal situations, and the nature of memory. The Glass Menagerie opened in the mid 1940s in Chicago, and instantly became a mainstay in modern short fiction and continues to influence playwrights and authors of all genres.It is through symbolism that Williams reinforces theme, character development, and fate in The Glass Menagerie. One of the first symbols encountered by the reader is the fuel chip. The fire unobjectionable represents both a literal and symbolic way to leave the house. It also represents a major them in the story the need to escape. Williams describes the Wingfield house and makes none of the fire escape. He explains huge buildings are always burning with the slow and implacable fires of human desperation (scene i).Certainly this is true of the Wingfield family. Tom wishes to escape from his boring job and current lifestyle because Man is by instinct a lover, a hunter, a fighter, and none of those instincts are given much play at the warehouse (scene ii). He does succeed, occasionally, in finding comfort in movies, drinking, and magic shows. The fire escape represents his ultimate path to his freedom. His regular trips onto the fire escape to smoke foreshadows the permanent abandonment of his family.In the final speech of the story, Tom states I descended the steps of this fire escape for a last time and followed, from then on, in my fathers footsteps, attempting to find in motion what was lost in space (scene vii). Laura wishes to escape too. However, she seeks refuge not in the genuine world alone within the house and a reality all her own. The fire escape prot ects her from the outside world. She wishes to sequester herself from the world where her deformity is laughed at and her shy spirit is c strikeed.Even when she ventures out on to the fire escape she slips representing another failed attempt at entering the real world (scene iv). The high school nick name, blue roses (scene ii), that Jim had for Laura is also symbolic. It is a symbol of the affection that Laura seeks and the cruelty that world offers her. Blue roses are both queer and mysterious which reflects Lauras personality. The nick name while seemingly affectionate was actually a play on the term pleurosis which Laura suffered from in her childhood.Additional, the use of the name flush pays homage to Williams sister who was afflicted by a mental disorder and was against her will subjected to a lobotomy which she never recovered from. The Glass Menagerie is not only the title but also the central symbol within the story. Lauras collection of glass animal figures mirrors sev eral of her personality traits. Her mother references the glass zoo when talking about Laura and comments She lives in a world of her owna world oflittle glass ornaments (scene v). Laura is delicate and needs to be handled carefully because Glass breaks so easily.No matter how careful you are (scene vii). Just as glass is transparent and superficially uninteresting so is Laura. However, in the right light those tiny glass creatures refract light in a number of various and vibrant colors. This is similar to Laura who may appear shy and boring to strangers but becomes alluring and attractive when her false societal mask is peeled away and her inner spirit is exposed. Jim is almost instantly enamored with Laura and tries to comfort her by stating You hypothesize of yourself as having the only problems, as being the only one who is disappointed.But just look around you and you will see lots of people as disappointed as you are (scene vii). The menagerie also represents the imagined wo rld Laura lives in full of color but based on unstable illusions. The most measurable and functional symbol within the short story is the glass unicorn. The unicorn is Lauras favorite figurine. Jim states A unicorn, huh? arent they extinct in the modern world? (scene vii). Laura, like the unicorn, is ill equipped to exist in this world full cruel acts and evil people.The fate of the unicorn, extinction, foreshadows what will Lauras future will hold. It also becomes a symbol of the insertion and normalization of Laura into the real world. As Jim and Laura dance the unicorn is broken. Jims kiss destroys Lauras uniqueness. She fades effortlessly from her heightened experience with Jim into a normal existence as he explains he must rush off for an appointment with his girlfriend. She gives the broken unicorn to Jim as a keepsake because the unicorn is just like all the other horses(scene vii) now.This is symbolic of everything that Jim destroyed and took from Laura in that single ev ening. Symbolism is a literary device that Williams employs in almost all of his writing. Using common place items the fire escape, glass figurines, roses allows the theme, character development, and the denouement of the story to be easily accessible and understood by the audience. The glass menagerie is physical image and memory that all readers can take away from the story. Symbolic of a life lived in fantasy because it could not survive in the worlds cruel reality.

Checklist For Evaluating Internal Controls Essay Example for Free

Checklist For Evaluating Internal Controls EssayFor publicly traded companies, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires an audit of internal controls. The purpose of an internal control evaluation is to esteem risk, which offers auditors a basis for audit planning and provides useful information to worry (Sox Law, 2006). Auditors typically use the five basic components of internal control to approve the constitutional system. According to Louwers, Ramsay, Sinason, and Strawser (2007) the five components to internal controls include control environment, risk assessment, control activities, monitoring, and information and communication. Control environment involves the tone of the organization and includes the integrity, ethical values, and competence of the companys great deal (Louwers, Ramsay, Sinason, Strawser, 2007). essay assessment involves a thorough assessment which identify(s) risks, estimate their significance and likelihood, and consider how to manage the risks (Lo uwers, Ramsay, Sinason, Strawser, 2007).Control activities involve specific actions which help ensure that managements goals and projections are met. Monitoring involves the continuous assessment of internal controls. Information and communication relates to the efficiency and reliability of information and communication regarding how the information is presented and communicated to users. Internal controls entertain the financial information and trading operations of a business. The development and implementation of these controls are typically the responsibility of the business owners. Internal or external audits may be used to gauge the efficiency of internal controls. This audit generally takes place following a standard process of risk measurement regarding the business operations and financial information. The measurement data is most effectively determined by using an internal control checklist.ChecklistPhase One Understand and Document the lymph nodes Internal Control Ob taining an UnderstandingControl Environment EvaluationRisk Assessment EvaluationInformation and Communication AssessmentPhase both Assess the Control RiskPhase Three Test Controls and Review Control RiskReassess ControlsDirection of the Test of ControlsReassess the Control Risk

Consumers Perception Towards Online Shopping In Singapore Marketing Essay

Consumers Perception Towards Online Shopping In Singapore Marketing EssayDuring the a couple of(prenominal) past years, the net income has grown to new levels not even envisi aned. The Internet changes the way people live, work and purchase. Demangeot Broderick (2007) state that Internet provides great receiptss for the consumers, such as variety of returns, services and prices from different suppliersUsing Internet facilities, commercial organisations tush develop new markets and improve the competitiveness of the company (Eastlick et al., 2006). However, the Internet whitethorn to a fault create threats to some organizations.The piece of Internet users is increasing year by year. Figure 1 shows the ontogeny of Internet users glob onlyy.The fast growth of e-shop and the increasing unwrapcome of e-retailers has created an extremely competitive market place(George, 2004). Competing issues create a pick out for managers to understand factors which influence people using In ternet as a new acquire media (Fraser et al., 2005). It is becomes essential for the companies to understand benefits and adventures of online shopping in order to underline the benefits and minimize risks.Figure 1 Growth of Internet Users in the World solution http//www.internetworldstats.com/e selling.htm1.2. emphasise of the CountrySingapore is an industrial country, which has a highly developed market- based economy. Total Singapore population is 4,987,600 (Singstat, June 2009) from which 72.4 per cent has an access to Internet at place (Singapore Internet Statistics, 2010). Figure 2 illustrates the Internet users growth in Singapore, which is 180.8per cent for the nine years period from 2000.Figure 2 Internet Usagehttp//www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htmasia base on research, conducted by IPSOS in 2007 (Figure 3), more than 60% of online users in Singapore use online shopping, which gives high potential for online trade market.Figure 3 Online shopping statisticsSource ht tp//www.insightbureau.com/insight_reports/mc_insights/2008_Q3_OnlineShopAP.pdf1.3 Objectives, research questions and research hypothesesThis study is intended to understand the buying cognitive operation and demeanour of online consumers.The basic objectives of the study atomic number 18To determine consumer behaviour in online environmentTo identify the chief(prenominal) influencers in online buying processTo identify peoples attitude towards benefits and risks of online shoppingBased on objectives identify, the following questions atomic number 18 raisedWhat be the briny factors that influence consumer purchase decision online?Is there any differences between online and offline consumer?What consumer segments be more likely to shop online?Is there any connection between identified factors and consumer segment groups?Based on objectives and questions above, conceptualizing framework for this research has been developed. The important variables are clearly showed through l ogical reasoning in the framework. Based on this framework, the baseless and alternative hypotheses are developed as the followingsThere is a difference as wholesome as no difference in perception on benefits of Internet purchase between online and offline consumersThere is a difference as closely as no difference in perceived risks towards Internet purchasing between online and offline consumers1.4. ScopeWith the fast growth of Internet commerce it becomes very important for companies to study consumer behaviour (Jobber, 2001). If the influencing factors in the online buying and selling process seat be identified, than it skunk be meaningful for the online companies to give much emphasis on these factors. The majority of companies want to increase the everywhere either volume of the patronage because this can lead to significant reductions in costs and competitive advantages (Kotler, 2003). This research will pay attention to consumer behaviour in the online environment, pr oviding theoretical selective selective knowledge about online purchasing behaviour of the consumers. sparely, the present study is an attempt to get insight into peoples perceptions towards online shopping in Singapore. This study will specify on the perception of Internet users towards benefits and risks associated with online shopping and how company can avoid clients concerns about online shopping.Chapter TwoLiterature review2.1 IntroductionCurrently, e-commerce is getting huge attention from a surf of organisation and customers repayable to the fact of fast Internet development (Lee Lin, 2005). Online shopping, as a part of E-commerce, is becoming a tendency in Singapore (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Online shopping has both advantages and disadvantages. acquire behaviour is determined by consumers view of benefits and risks of online shopping. This literature review intends to review of all the relevant factors. Firstly, the definition of e-commerce and its growth will be defined. Secondly, theories regarding consumer perception and behaviour will be reviewed. Finally, the main benefits and risks will be summarized.2.2. Definition of E-commerceThere are different definitions of what is e-commerce. E-commerce is a very broad term used to hunt process where electronic connections make resources exchange be possible (Vrechopoulos et al., 2001). In context of the Internet, E-commerce is used as a general term. The definitions of e-commerce are focused on buying and selling using the Internet. harmonise to Mark van Ketel and Tim D. Nelson (2009) electronic commerce (e-commerce), a subset of e- cable, includes selling goods and services, as well as purchasing and exchanging over the Internet. Torkzadeh and Dhillion (2002) describe e-commerce as a purchase and sale over the Internet. This includes the process of finding a product, ordering and receiving as well as costs and benefits of a product or service.Generally, E-commerce can be broken into two m ain categoriesBusiness to job (B2B) is where business makes online transactions with other businesses (Turban et al., 2003)Business to consumer (B2C) is where online transactions are made between a business and an individual consumer (Wareham, 2000).2.2.1 The importance of E-commerceAccording to Carla et al. (2006) Internet is a powerful instrument to buy, sell and distribute goods and services intercontinental in a fast growing supply chain. Internet provides potential market that has no or little restrictions, such as geography or measure (Blackwell, 2000). E-commerce provides enormous opportunities for growth and development. Through the Internet people can communicate with each other over vast distances. It allows commercially moving business and people to a market in which everything that is for sale is advertised and everything that is wanted for purchase is requested somewhere (Kanttila, 2005).Over the years E-commerce changing the way business used to work. According to W areham, E (2000) Expedia sells more than $ 14 million worth of hotels and airline reservations a day from its web-site Federal Express in Singapore began to pen $10,000 a day by creating customer service department online (Kotler, 2003).The Internet provides businesses with the opportunity to sell their products to millions of people, 24 hours a day (Bellman, 2006). Buyers and sellers can thus preserve each other with no or little cost.The development of e-commerce is often times claimed to be reshaping almost all industries (Pawlyna, 1999). It influences the operation of organisations and peoples activities greatly and brings fundamental changes to the way that business is conducted. E-commerce can enhance organisations performance by tangible and significant operational efficiency (Mutz, 2005).2.2.2 The growth of E-commerce and online shoppingThe B2C and Internet usage rates are do stable progress and rising constantly. Electronic retailing, the B2C segment of e-commerce, is set to grow exp iodinentially in the next fewer years (Siyal et al., 2006). Total online retail revenue is increasing year after year and expecting to increase in the nearest future (Shu et al., 2006). The increase of B2C e-commerce cannot help but to impact peoples attitude to buy goods. Currently, one in ten Singapore adults can be categorized as frequent online purchasers (Shun, 2006).Presently around 72.4 per cent of Singapore households are web-connected (Singapore Internet Statistics 2010), also this position is expected to grow over the next decades (Singstat, 2009)In the early peak of growth, e-retailing, the B2C segment of e-commerce is set to grow exponentially in the next few years (Tan, 2007). However, online shopping still remains as yet a minority pursuit with purchases concentrated in a comparatively narrow range of categories such as clothing and software, music and travelling (Shun, 2006).2.3. Segmentation of Online consumersVrechopoulos et al. (2001) segmented e-shoppers based on demographic, behavioural and attitudinal characteristics. Figure 4 illustrates classification of different segments of online shopping. dark-brown et al. (2003) classify e-shoppers according to purchasing motivations for shopping, which illustrated in Figure 5.Figure 4 Vrechopoulos, Siomkos and Doudikiss Segmentation of e-shoppersCharacteristicOn-off shoppersOnline shoppersInterested in online shoppingSocial and demographic variables sexMainly menMen and womenAge25-4418-44EducationUniversity and postgraduate studiesUniversity studiesLevel of incomeAbove averageAverage or aboveMaterial status adeptMarriedJobScientists, professionals, working in the private sectorScientist, public and private sector employeesAttitudinalvariablesHome shopping motivations clock saving, beginning hoursTime saving, opening hours, exclusivityOnline shopping motivationsFast words, low prices, range of products and opening timesHome delivery, low prices, range of products and opening t imesPreferred payment method gold on delivery, credit cardsCash on deliveryWillingness to pay more than through traditional channelsNoNoWillingness to pay delivery costsYesYesSource Adopted by an author from Vrechopoulos, A., Siomkos, G. Doudikis, G. (2001)Figure 5 Segmentation of online consumers according to purchase motivationsType of shopper procure motivationsPersonalised shopperPersonal kinship with the seller. Service adapts to shoppers needsRecreational shopperEnjoys the act of shoppingEconomic shopperAchieve the nest quality-price dealinghip for the purchaseInvolved shopperEnjoys shopping and pass judgments personal relationswash room shopperValues time and effort. Enjoy reduced pricesLocal shopperLoyal to a brand or shop in their local area unbiased shopperRejects the act of shopping. Values the convenience of InternetSource adopted by an author from Brown, M., Pope, N., Voges, K., (2003)2.4 Consumers behaviour theories2.4.1 Consumers perception and consumer behaviourP awlyna (1999) identified perception as an instigant of behaviour. Additionally, perception can be considered as a process of information extraction. Even in the same reality, different people tend to perceive differently. Its snappy to understand, that peoples perceptions are more important than the reality in marketing (Kotler, 2000). The factors, which influence consumers purchasing behaviour online can be identified by understanding customer behaviour.In most studies perception identified as input, while behaviour as output, and treated as two separate phenomena. Rotem-Mindali (2006) suggested that perception and behaviour are two sides of the same phenomenon and are closely related to each other. Current study considered perception and behaviour as one integral part in order to understand customer perception and reasons which affect it.2.4.2 Consumer decision processThere are several models (see Appendix 1), which describes customer purchasing behaviour, though they all have s imilar attributes that should be considered as fundamental bes upon which the consumers behaviour is developed. Figure 6illustratesmain steps involved in consumer decision process.Figure 6 Consumer decision process modelSource Adopted by an author fromhttp//tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_decision_process.aspPredispositions (Before Purchase)This stage includes past experiences, customer own personality and self-concept, attitudes and opinions in general, as well as on specific products.Product NeedBuyuko et al. (2004) stated that buyer recognises a need which can be satisfied by a product or service, as a result of either cognitive activity or some environmental stimulus. It can be simplified that the need is often caused by internal or external stimuli.Information SearchThe search may arise on an internal and external basis (Goh, 1999). According to Donald (1974) this stage includes all searches of the internal and external environments for the alternative solutions as well as for information which can help in evaluating of those alternatives. The search for the information usually includes earlier experiences and should be relevant to the present purchase short letter.Evaluation of AlternativesThis stage involves comparison of alternatives from physical and cognitive activities. Consumers compare various brands by taking in considerateness several attributes (Kotler, 2000). Attributes used for the evaluation of alternatives by consumers are also known as choice criteria. Figure 7shows a summary of these choice criteria. Additionally, differentiation and number of alternatives, time pressure as well as level of involvement will reflect the achievement of problem solving. As shown in Figure 8the extent to which customer involved in decision qualification process influence each stage of customer decision making process.Figure7Choice criteria used for the evaluation of alternatives by consumersSource Adopted by an author from Bellman, S., anticson, E. J., Lohse, G. L., Mandel, N. (2006).Figure 8 Purchase Involvement and Stages of consumer decision making processSource http//www.slideshare.net/roymogg/marketing-focus-on-the-customer-presentationPurchase ActivityThis stage consist of customer involvement in making an actual financial decision as well as direct physical activities involved in decision making process about making purchase or not. Also this stage includes the actual transaction. However, customer decision can be postponed, modified, or avoided due to influence of perceived risk involved in purchase decision (Kotler,2000). Therefore, it is essential for marketers to recognize and understand factors that might provoke perceived risk and find out solutions to minimize that (Bellman et al., 2006).Post Purchase BehaviourAccording to Kotler (2000) the current stage primarily concerned with product or service purchased by the customer. This level requires customers experience of satisfaction or dissatisfaction about purc hased product or service, which further will influence subsequent behaviour of consumer. According to Fox all et al (1998) satisfaction or dissatisfaction created by product or service will make major impact on future purchase decisions.Predispositions ( after(prenominal) Purchase and Use)After the process of purchasing the buyer (or non- buyer) should be left with cognitive content (Gunasekaran et al., 2004), which can be differ from that which present at the early stages. Consumers attitude, information and experience may be changed due to factors of time and events (Hawkins, 1989). All of the above can influence the future purchase decision of the same type.2.4.3. Consumer behaviour in Online EnvironmentWhen consumers shop online, they perform a similar sequence of tasks to offline shoppers (Mowen et al., 2003). Besides, online environment provides more information regarding each alternatives, also online environment is more flexible and time saving. Internet has significant impa ct on each stage of traditional decision making process. Final customer decision depends on several factors, which are illustrated in Figure 9.Figure 9 Main factors that influence customer purchasing decisionSource Adopted by an author from Buyuko Zumi Kan, Gulcin (2004)Figure 9 presented factors, which lead to the decision process, which is described below.Problem recognitionFeeling the need or recognize the problem is the starting point. The Internet can generate the need or problem by itself and also can encourage customers to start the information search process (Breitenbach and van Doren, 1998).Information SearchInternet is one of the powerful sources of information, it has great advantages to store and process the information (Buyuko Zumi, 2004), and due to the above Internet has a deep impact on the Information Search stage. According to Wareham (2000) Internet provides wide access to information base for the consumers. Comparing to the traditional environment Web is less c ostly and require less time for information search (Turbanet al., 2002). One of the important differences between online and offline environment is the costs for the characteristics and attributes for which information can be obtained, are usually commence in online atmosphere (Kanttila, 2005).Still, the Internet has far less impact for the products that are perceived as low risk and that are bought frequently (Mutz, 2005). Additionally, the Internet is much less effective for value expressive products than for functional products, which attributes can be easily compared online (Rayport et al., 2003).Product EvaluationThis stage requires customers to make final value judgment through evaluating different information. The main benefit of online shops is their ability to store large amount of content at a relatively low cost (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Thus, this can be turned to advantage when customers evaluating the product. On another hand, Internet provides lack of tangibility , which leads to difficulties in evaluating products.Purchase ActivityCurrent stage involves issues regarding transactions, which include the following stepsAgree contractually on purchasePay for the purchaseWait for the deliveryReceive physical deliveryThis stage can be influenced by different consumer-related factors, such as price, trustworthiness, availability or diversity of choices. According to Jobber (2001) this stage is also influenced by customer involvement, which is shown in Figure 6. Thus, customer will carry out very extensive evaluation when the purchase is very involving. On the contrary, purchases with low involvement will lead to simple evaluation and quick decision making (Schiffman, 2004).Post Purchase ActivitiesThis stage is concerned with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction after purchase is made (Solomon et al., 2002). Internet provides good potential for customer satisfaction, as well as help to retain them. Web site can provide free customer support services , which will encourage repeat visits. Additionally, value-added services or feedback can be provided to the customers in order to retain existing customers and attract new (Siyal et al., 2006).2.5. Benefits of the online shoppingAs discussed previously, there are a lot of factors that affect consumers purchasing process. Those factors reflect both, advantages as well as disadvantages of Internet as a shopping medium. The advantages or benefits of online shopping considered by customers described as the followings.2.5.1 ConvenienceThe customers expect online shopping to be easier and more convenient than as compare to traditional (Shun, 2006). Convenience is appearing very obvious at the stage of information search. According to Kotler (2003) The Internet is an almost perfect market due to the fact that information provided immediately and buyers can make a comparison of aims globally. As a result, consumers require minimal effort and time in order to compare and contrast competitiv e products.2.5.2. Time savingAccording to Rayport et al. (2003) those who buy clothing on Web most often appreciate time saving. The process of locating merchants, finding items and procure offerings is easier in online environment (Maruca, 1999), which means online shopping can write on time. Consumers do not require leaving their houses and spent time for travelling in order to make merchandise. Additionally, online environment allows browsing for needed items by size, category or price. Browsing and time benefits of online shopping represent the positive perception of e-satisfaction (Lichtenthal, 2004).2.5.3. Product related benefitsComparing with a conventional retailer, e-retailer is able to offer a more wider range of products, because e-retailer do not have physical restrictions in terms of the amount and cost of floor space which is needed to endanger goods (Kanttila, 2005). Furthermore, it is less costly and easier for e-retailer to form alliances with other supplier, whi ch brings more extensive inventories.2.5.4. Lower priceInternet enhances customer knowledge about pricing. In online environment customers are able to visit sites of competitors and compare the prices moreover intermediaries provide price comparisons, which make process of evaluation more convenient and time saving (Gunasekaran et al., 2004). This transparency of price increases the competition between e-retailers and drives the price down. Furthermore the cost for performing online business is lower than for offline (e.g. minimal staffing cost, no retail space costs), this also lead to lower prices (Brown et al., 2003). However, some researches show those consumers are ready to pay for the online products same as for offline in exchange for the convenience (Rayport et al., 2003).2.6. Perceived risks of online shoppingPerceived risk can be defined as the uncertainty which arise when customer cannot predict the consequences of purchase decision (Farley et al., 1973). The level of ris k can vary depending on individuals, personality, situation and product. However, perceived risk can be reduced to some acceptable level in any purchase situation.2.6.1. danger of privacyPrivacy may mean diverse things to different people. Generally privacy refers to a moral right of individuals to avoid interruption interruptions into their personal life and affairs by triplet parties (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Privacy is the main factor which stops many consumers from online shopping. Most of the time individuals get afraid that their private information can be sold, used, shared or discovered in an incorrect manner. According to Kanttila (2005)fears and concerns of online purchasing reduce online purchasing decisions.2.6.2. Security riskSecurity risks are often related to privacy issues. Security, oddly online payment security is one of the main concerns for the consumers in e-shopping (Shun, 2006). Even the Internet and advanced technology improving fast, there are still h igh harmonise of online users who are very cautious about making online purchase due to the concerns over credit and debit card security. Majority of customers have concerns whether the company is reasoned and private information will be not distributed to third parties, due to high percentage of hackers operating online (Siyal et al., 2006).2.6.3. Lack of inspection before purchase absence of direct sensory cues is another perceived risk, which is often mentioned both by marketers and customers. According to Schiffman Kanuk (2004 the fact that consumers are unable to touch products offered online is considered as significant drawback. This fact leads to more uncertainties regarding online shopping, because consumers have doubts about quality of the purchased product. This is also the reason why a lot of products which require high involvement are seldom purchased online (Rayport et al., 2003).2.6.4. attempt of deliveryAnother drawback of online purchase is time between the pur chase was made and time it received. When purchasing online, consumers cannot obtain the purchased product directly after transaction (Mutz, 2005). After the transaction was made the product will reach customer via home/office delivery sometime later. Therefore the reliability of delivery is another concerning issue.Additional problem which involved in delivery process is speed. One more issue to consider about home delivery is the presence of customer at home (Lichtenthal, 2004). Sometimes time of the delivery can be uncertain, and such situation can also lead to uncertainty.2.6.5. Risk of returningProduct returns are essential for the customers convenience and satisfaction. Majority of researches shows that the rate of online returns are low, however it is only due to the fact that customers find the process of returning is too complex (Constantinides, 2004). such disgruntled customers are unlikely to continue online shopping in future (Case, 2002). Another issue in returning goo ds is that money usually are stipendiary through credit or debit card, and here arise another problem of returning money back on the customer account, which depend not on e-company, but on the bank through which purchase was done.2.7. SummaryIt is unarguable that the Internet has become an important part of peoples lives, enabling the fast growth of e-commerce. Currently, e-commerce is making improvements in customers satisfaction and tries to involve more people in online business environment (Chen Dubinsky, 2003).Consumer perception is the creator of customer performance, at the same time customer actions are the output of consumer perception (Citrin et al., 2000). It is useful to understand factors which influence buyers perception and purchasing behaviour. The adaptation of Internet creates a great impact on purchasing behaviour by providing more information, facilitating evaluation and decision making, and after-sales feedback.Additionally, online shopping includes different benefits and risks related to factors influencing consumer purchasing behaviour. 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