Ryanair Pestel

fire a PEST(EL) analysis as preparation for a scenario planning practise next week. POLITICAL Due to severe security measures, they had to cancel 279 flights and refunded 2. 7m. A loss of 1. 9m in reduced bookings Aer Lingus was fundamentally opposed to a spinal fusion with Ryanair, even if it raises its price 12. 6 % of the shareholding controlled by Aer Lingus, whose members rejected the offer by a 97% majority vote Opposed to the BAA airport monopoly plans to build a 4bn gold plated Taj Mahal at Stansted SOCIAL Europes leading budget air lane August 2006, Air Transport population magazine- most profitable air passage in the world 72% cast out response from a poll of readers of the Financial Times for one of its initiatives In 2006, its employees count by to a greater extent than 700, to 3. 500 people, comprising over 25 distinguishable nationalities In 2006, it was voted the worlds least favourite airline because of the hostile staff, delays and poor legroom The airline formerly refused to provide accommodation or repast vouchers when flights were cancelled or delayed, until it became illegal to do so in 2005ENVIRONMENTAL Deploying to a greater extent efficient aircraft that use less fuel and produce less defilement Concerns about greenhouse gases from carbon emissions Replace its fleet of old aircraft with new, more environmentally-friendly aircraft, reducing the average age of its fleet to 2. 4 years mod aircraft produced 50% less emissions, 45% less fuel burn and 45% lower noise emissions per sea ECONOMIC Its average paid was 49612, a higher figure than any other major European airline August 2006, Air Transport World magazine- most profitable airline in the world Cost-cutting/yield-enhancing measures for rider check-in and luggage handling could relieve more than 1 per passenger Web based check-in and priority boarding, save costs on check-in staff and airport facilities, as well as metre By tailoring rosters, they maximised productivity a nd time off for crew membersTECHNOLOGICAL Web based check-in and priority boarding Fleet of over 100 new Boeing 737-800 aircraft and firm orders for a throw out 138 new aircraft to be delivered over the next six years Stronger passenger safety body searched, banned from carrying liquids and gels in their carry-on luggage LEGAL Complying with EU regulations which impose a ceiling on pilot flying hours to save dangerous fatigue In litigation with various airport over landing charges Accused it of misleading passengers on its website by exaggerating the prices of its competitors in reservation comparisons Following flight cancellations due to increase in security measures, they fixed to file two legal cases against UK government In 2005, new order that offered compensation cost to passengers affected by delays, cancellations or denied boarding

I have a dream Speech Analysis Essay

In his speech Dr might says that we soak up come to our nations capital to cash a visit world power refers to a meritless check as blacks not getting their in force(p) rights. they dont get what was promised to them in the declaration of independence. major power states how one hundred years later the negro is lull not free and still experiences the flames of withering in judge. he refers to the 100 years as the 100 anniversary of the signing of the emancipation proclamation signed by lincoln in 1963 which freed the slaves. tabby claims the bad check as having meagre funds promised rights and justice.in his opening statements, king addresses thats they have come to cash a bad check. what he is referring to is the promised right in the declaration of independence. blacks were supposed to be promised rights which were guaranteed in the declaration of independence. all men yes all men would be guaranteed the inviolable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness b lacks were promised rights in the DOFI but these have provided to be realized . he states that the States has defaulted on a promissory note. america has yet to acknowledge this fact and probably ar disinclined to do it.king also addresses the bad check as having insufficient funds king refers to the insufficient funds as the lack of immunity and equality for blacks all across america. so weve come to cash this check check, a check that will give up upon the demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice King feels that the insufficient funds is a problem and results in great social unbalance between whites and blacks passim america. he feels that blacks should be given the same opportunities as their white counterparts. he also states that blacks refuse to believe the insufficient funds. we refuse to that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nationking goes further by stating how he feels justice needs to be served in order  to correct this bad check. now is the clip to make justice a reality for all of gods children, now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit line of racial justice king feels that there is a sweltering catch fire of injustice in america, full of racial segregation and inequality. he states at a time is the time because blacks have waited to long to be acknowledged by whites and have the same things they can do.in conclusion, king wants this bad check to be cashed so that whites and blacks can be one with each other(a) and dine together at the table of brotherhood blacks will be have their rights that were promised to all men in the declaration of independence, get dislodge of the insufficient funds of the bad check and solve the injustice that has plaqued america for years. now is the time for equality, now is the time for equal opportunity and freedom. king has a dream for the future and wants to see his dream come to fruition.

Pathophysiology of Asthma – Essay

Exam Case Scenario Pathophysiology of asthma attack Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by episodes in which the bronchioles constrict due to oversensitivity. In asthma, the flight paths (bronchioles) constrict making it difficult to get air in or out of the lungs. Breath littleness is the main symptom. The bronchi and bronchioles change state inflamed and constricted. Asthmatics usually fight back to triggers. Triggers argon substances and situations that would not normally trouble an asthma free person. Asthma is either extrinsic or intrinsic.Extrinsic is when the agitation in the airline business is a result of hypersensitivity reactions associated with allergy (food or pollen). Intrinsic asthma is linked to hyper antiphonary reactions to otherwise forms of stimuli like infection. Or they drive out nurture a conspiracy of both. The bronchi and bronchioles contain smooth muscle and argon lined with mucus-secreting glands (goblet cells) and ciliated cells (push the mucus towards the throat). Next to the airways melodic line supply in that location ar lots of mast cells.Once they become stimulated the mast cells release a number of cytokines (chemical messengers), which cause physiological changes to the liner of the bronchi and bronchioles. Three such protein cytokines are histamine, kinins and prostaglandins (leukotrienes) which cause smooth muscle contraction, increase mucus production and capillary tube permeability. The airways soon narrow and become deluge with mucus and fluid leaking from the blood vessels. Airflow becomes obstructed resulting in a wheeze.As the airways become obstructed the uncomplaining of depart become fatigue and their respiratory effort becomes weak and inadequate causing hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Airway Assess the airway. If the uncomplaining is talking this means they have a patent (clear) airway accordingly they are breathing and have brain perfusion. Look and listen for signs of airway obstruct ion. A partial obstruction is often noisy, and in complete airway obstruction there are no breath sanitarys. Maintain and observe the airway and report some(prenominal) changes. If the airway does become compromised suction or sit the diligent up.If the patients level of conscious has alter carry out the query tilt and chin lift. If you have had airway management training insert an oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway. vivacious Count the respiratory enjoin over 1 minute. The normal jog is between 14 20 resps per min. A spicy respiratory rate (tachypnoea) indicates that the patient is unwell and that the patient is struggling to breath. Evaluate the rate, rhythm and prudence of the breathing. Make sure the patients chest is moving every bit on both inclines (symmetrical), if not this could indicate a pneumothorax.Observe to see if the patient is using his or hers accessory muscle to breath (if the patient feels they are having difficulty getting enough oxygen, their body begins to clench these muscles every succession they breath in an attempt to acquire to a greater extent air) as this could be a sign of respiratory distress. Monitor the peripheral oxygen strength (SpO2) using a flash oximeter. A low SpO2 reading can indicate that the patient is in respiratory distress. Give oxygen as prescribed using a venturi mask. Check the rubric of the patients lips and tongue, central cyanosis indicates lack of oxygen to the skin.Listen to the patients breathing, breath sounds are normally quite. each abnormal sounds such as wheezing suggest that there could be a fluid build up in the lungs. Circulation Palpate the radiate pulse, assessing for the rate, quality and rhythm. The normal range for this is between 60-100 beats per min. An elevated pulse rate can be due to the patient organism in pain, fear or a sign of an infection. sexual conquest the patients blood pressure and insure that this is at bottom the normal range (100/60 140/90 mmHg) . Look at the patients colour in their hands and fingers, and check if the patient feels warm or cool. flyer the capillary refill time (CRT). Apply pressure to a fingertip, held at a level of the heart, for 5 seconds so that the skin becomes blanched and then(prenominal) release. Measure how long it takes for the colour to return. The normal capillary refill time is less than 2 seconds, anything over indicates reduced skin perfusion. Ask the patient if they have any chest pain, if so begin a ECG monitoring. Take the patients temperature. The normal range for this is 36-37. 5 degrees Celsius. A high temperature can be a sign of infection.The doctor whitethorn overly like to re-take the patients Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) because previous results showed respiratory acidosis. hindrance Assessment of disability involves evaluating the patients central offensive carcass function. Assess the patients level of consciousness using the AVPU scale. public lecture to the patient if they a re alert and talking they are sort out as A. If the patient is not fully awake establish whether they respond to the sound of your voice (opening their eyes, making any sounds) if they do they are classified as V.If the patient does not respond to voice administer a monstrous stimulus (gently rubbing the sternum bone). If they respond they are a P on the AVPU scale. And finally if they do not respond to any of the preceding(prenominal) they are a U, you should then move onto the more detailed Glasgow torpor Scale (GCS). You go out assess the patients pupils (eyes) and motor receipts (arms and legs) among other things to contact the patient a score out of 15 (15 being the highest). A GCS of fewer than 8 is a medical emergency and you would then have to go back to assessing the patients airway.Exposure It may be necessary to undress the patient, taking care to maintain their dignity at all time, in order to undertake a thorough head to toe check, looking out for any signs of D VT, sores or rashes. Always turn in consent before any procedure so always hold back the patient informed of what it is you are doing. Reassure the patient to reduce anxiety and try to make them as comfortable as possible. Ask the patient if they are in any pain and get the doctor to prescribe an appropriate analgesia.If the doctor has prescribed the patient antibiotics ensure that blood cultures are done prior to giving the patient their antibiotics, this will give an holy result from the lab. Give the patient any other due medicament making sure to ask if they have any known allergies. unfluctuating peak flows should be done on the patient pre and post medication, this will tell us if the medication being given to the patient is operative or not. Spirometry test will show how well the patient breathes in and out and it is to a fault used to monitor the severity of some lung delimitates, and their response to word.Take a mid stream urine sample from the patient and twilight stick, depending on the results send down to the lab. The doctor might also require a chest x ray from the patient. Complete all the germane(predicate) chance assessment such as the Waterlow score (patients are classified according to their risk of developing a pressure sore), the MUST score (screening tool to identify adults who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition), falls risk assessment (what the chances are of the patient falling) and Moving and use (if the nurses are required to use any equipment on the patient).And the patients hygiene needs must be assessed and if necessary an appropriate nursing plan must be put into place. Start the patient on a fluid chart, making sure to write down any IV fluids that they have. The cannula site must be checked and the patient must have a VIP score to make sure there are no signs of phlebitis. A sputum sample must also be collected and sent to the lab. Carry out a blood glucose test to ensure that the patients blood glucose l evels are within normal ranges (4-7 mmol/l). A referral should be made to the respiratory nurse who will provide support to patients who suffer from chronic respiratory diseases.Give patient advice to keep off any triggers that they are aware of, advice on medication and if relevant give advice on smoking cessation. Symbicort combination inhaler containing budesonide and formoterol Inhalers are used to renounce drugs to relieve or stay fresh the symptoms of asthma. Budesonide Corticosteroid drug used in an inhaler to prevent attacks of asthma but will not freeze an existing attack. Budesonide is used by patients whose asthma is not controlled by bronchodilators alone. Budesonide controls symptoms by reducing inflammation in the swollen inner layers of the airways.By subdueing airway inflammation they reduce the swelling (oedema) inside the bronchioles. There are fewer side effects to the drug when inhaled because it is absorbed by the body in practically littler quantities th an when it is taken orally. Budesonide is usually taken twice a daylight and normally lasts between 12 to 24 hours. Asthma prevention is the condition for which prolonged use may be required. There may be a small risk of glaucoma, cataracts, and effects on bone with high doses inhaled for a prolonged period.Side effects include a cough, sore throat Formoterol Bronchodilators are prescribed to widen the bronchioles and improve breathing. Bronchodilator drugs act by relaxing the muscles surrounding the bronchioles. Formoterol is from the sympathomimetic group which is mainly used for the fast relief of breathlessness. Sympathomimetic drugs interfere with nerve signals passed to the muscle through the autonomic nervous arrangement. Because sympathomimetic drugs stimulate a branch of the autonomic nervous body that controls the heart rate, the patient may sometimes feel palpitations or trembling.People with heart problems, high blood pressure or an overactive thyroid gland will ha ve to be extra cautious. Salbutamol inhaler/nebuliser Salbutamol is a sympathomimetic bronchodilator that relaxes the muscle surrounding the bronchioles. It is used to relieve symptoms of asthma. Inhalation is considered more effective because the drug is delivered directly to the bronchioles, thus giving rapid relief, allowing smaller doses and causing fewer side effects. Compared to some similar drugs it has little stimulant effect on the heart rate and blood pressure, making it safer for tribe with heart problems.Salbutamol is usually taken 1-2 inhalations 3-4 times a day, usually starts operative within 5-15 min and can last up to 6 hours. The closely common side effect of salbutamol is fine tremor of the hands also anxiety, tension and restlessness may occur. Prednisolone A powerful corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation and suppress allergic reactions and immune system activity. Corticosteroid drugs reduce inflammation by blocking the action of chemicals called prosta glandins that are responsible for triggering the inflammatory response.These drugs also temporarily depress the immune system by reducing the activity of certain types of white blood cell. Because corticosteroids suppress the immune system, they increase susceptibility to infection. They also suppress symptoms of infectious disease. IV Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone is a corticosteroid used in the palmment of a variety of allergic and inflammatory conditions. Hydrocortisone is chemically very(a) to the hormone cortisol, which is produced by the adrenal glands. Prolonged high dosage may cause diabetes, glaucoma, fragile bones and thin skin.Aminophylline Aminophylline is a bronchodilator used to dainty bronchospasm (constriction of the air passages) in patients suffering from asthma. It can be used to treat acute attacks. Slow-release formulations of the drugs produce beneficial effects lasting for up to 12 hours, they are also useful taken at night to prevent night-time asthma and early morning wheezing. Side effects are headaches and nausea. green goddess and alcohol increase excretion of xanthines from the body, reducing their effects.

Maya Lin a Strong Clear Vision Essay

This documentary was very(prenominal) moving I was amazed to learn that Maya Lins plan was picked from so many It is stupefying that a board of representatives chose her design from all others. A twenty stratum old student had a vision that was so moving. Ive been to the story many times, and it has always brought me to tears. After viewing this documentary, I had the opportunity to go see it again. This time, it meant so much more to me having heard Lins explanations on how she conceptualized it. Maya Lin had been viewed as a young woman who hadnt served in the military, and as an Asian, the view became flat more controversial.Various groups in the the Statesn unexclusive came forward to publicly debate whether Lins study adequately or appropriately memorialized the US citizens who had lost their lives in what was the most disastrous and unpopular war in US history. Groups such as military veterinarys groups, politicians as well as average citizens were making this memorial a very politically charged issue. The documentary shows Maya Lin very stoic, and stead-fast in her design. She was unwilling to plan or give up on making this vision a reality. This speaks volumes of the vitrine of woman Maya Lin is, even at such a young, declare oneself age.It was as if she knew that this memorial must be made, and that the public needed this type of senseally charged outlook The arguments against Lins design centered to begin with on its form, and the simple manner the design presented the memorialization of the Vietnam vets. Some populate were demanding statues. One particular representative argued that the blocks be a different colouring material than black and that they be above ground. Some groups were arguing that by displace the memorial into the ground was like burying them, and non honoring them. Maya Lins presentation is based on the premise of both presence and absence.Her design allows the viewer to be competent to see themselves in the stone , while able to read the names of those who will never be physically stand for again. It is a basic memorialization in presentation, but in emotion, it has a very powerful effect. At one point during the film, Lin said that she knew that the minute would make people cry, and that was the point. The rest of the documentary deals with Lins post-Vietnam Memorial career. Although her work portrayed in the film is very interesting, and important, it does lack the impact of the scratch sequence. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was such a monumental event in US history.Before the memorial, the Vietnam War had been dealt with primarily in film, poetry, and fiction. Now, it was inscribed in Americas most historically documented site, the National Mall. For me, I intend that this speaks volumes of the artist herself. The simplicity of the design rend so much emotion and charge, from a soft spoken 20 year old Yale student, who since then, had not strived for notoriety, but for her art to bel ong to everyone. She has used this representation again with the inscribed words, dates and names in the polished stone she created for the Civil Rights Memorial and Womens Table at Yale.In the film, she is portrayed as a kind artist, creating humane spaces for both the living and the dead. I am a veteran of two wars. I have served my country in both Afghanistan as well as Iraq. Of course, I have very personal ties to the feelings of misinterpret and non-appreciation. Most veterans dont ask for notoriety, a parade, or even a statue. What we do ask for is that our brothers and sisters that were not able to come theatre are memorialized and remembered properly. Not pomp and circumstance, but in subtle context. I appreciate the work of Maya Lin and think she represented that perfectly

Herborist: Marketing and Skin Care Products

PROMOTION The objectives of Herborist publicity atomic number 18 to increase the new Herborist product aw beness, increase number of sales, mint customers, enhance product recognition and brand identity. Hopefully, forwardings give alike benefits consumers by providing needed information about Herborist evaluate proposition. Since there atomic number 18 some(prenominal) major competitors and local players in the South Africa market, it is important to plan to nominate effective strategy especi eachy for new player with limited budget.Herborist promotion strategies get out emphasize promotional strategies that reflect the lifestyle of its audience, unique value proposition and the range of media available. Herborist will also development pull strategies which pissed focus on demand-driven strategy because we are target directly to the fire user. Pull strategies will include free samples, public promotional events much(prenominal) as communities portray event, door-to-d oor sales, point-of-sale displays, Internet marketing campaigns and telemarketing campaigns.Media campaigns designed to associate the product with a public good much(prenominal) as Chinese herbal naturalism which will differentiate Herborists product with existing skin care products from the competitors in the market. There are several proposal taglines we can use for Herborist in South Africa * strike from harmony with nature * Beautiful & Unique You * Herborist, Herbal for Your earthy Beauty * Feels Natural * Real Herbal, Real Beauty, and Real You Media Plan in a advanceder place the LineTV, Radio, modernspaper & Magazine Herborist will focus on the postulate broadcasting channel with SABC1, SABC2 and SABC3. SABC1 has the highest viewership, at 70. 6% of the adult population followed by SABC2 with 60%, e. tv with 57. 1%, SABC3 with 47. 6%. For other media, Herborist will educate together with Media24 that has The Daily Sun, The paper has a daily circulation of ove r calciferol 000 and readership of 7. 7-million, while Media24s other dailies require a circulation of over 800 000. For magazines, Media24 Magazines publishes more than 60 titles selling more than 5. -million magazines a month that are read by more than 8. 7-million people. Banner, Billboard Brochure A high quality multi-folded leaflet is to be promoted and distributed to all spa centers, stores, salon and malls. The placement of billboard will also crucial and important. We will place the billboard in the strategic locations which has high traffic of potential customer. The billboard banner will explicit with other using bright white with light green touch to resemble natural healthy and using English tagline to give high end product.Online marketing The network user in South Africa has change magnitude significantly and double from only 5 per 100 people to 10 per 100 people. The internet could also reach wider market and will be delivered to costumer with higher educat ion and income. Regarding digital media, there were 10. 9 internet users per 100 people, 8. 5 personal computers per 100 people and 72. 4 electric cell subscribers per 100 people. Web pages indexed by Google were estimated at more than 10 billion. We also expand our relationship with Media24 Its space on the internet, 24. om , It provides a range of online services, such as careers, shopping, classifieds, property, health, free mail, instant messaging, blogs and photo albums. Media24 also owns South Africas approximately popular news site, News24. com Below The Line Sponsorship & solvent Marketing We will be the sponsor for Miss South Africa Beauty boast that has been going for almost 50 years. In May 2012, we also are going to sponsor Professional Beauty Durban in Durban that will be focus on trend cosmetic in South Africa.In October 2012 we also are going to sponsor Look & Feel ripe(p) Expo in Cape Town. In addition, we are going to have event marketing throughout the ye ars in beauty demo in small communities also giving public training in skin care products. Sales Promotions There are several slipway to promote Herborist. Promotion 1 25% kill benefits for New Clients in the Spa to take customers away from competitors. Offer them a former to give your salon a chance. Furthermore, $10 Off Next Service Every now and then, we need to make our clients special.Promotion 2 Free $20 gift certificate with the Purchase of a $100 Herborist product. Our clients will lovemaking this idea. Not only are they buying something for friends or family, theyre acquire a gift for themselves. Or we could $10 Off on crossway Purchase of $100 or More. Promotion 3 10% Off for a Positive Online Review Many of our first time customers will look up reviews. We will encourage our positive customers to go on directory sites and leave a positive remark about their great experiences using Herborist products.Public Relations The week prior to soft launch, the major beauty e ditors are to be invited for a gala dinner where they will be pardon about Herborist products. This is done on a free of charge basis. local beauty salon and spa are also to be invited to participate. jet Opening of the Herborist to introduce Herborists product line to the region for all local residents and businesses is to be organised with an afternoon tea and snacks on offer. medicament and a viewing of the improved facilities will be available. Spa Event

Filipino Women Writers and Jose Garcia Villa Essay

Estrella D. Alfon (July 18, 1917 December 28, 1983) was a well-known prolific Filipina author who wrote in side of meat. Because of proceed poor health, she could manage only an A. A. full point from the University of the Filipinos. She therefore became a share of the U. P. writers club and earned and was given the privileged convey of National guild in Fiction post at the U. P. Creative Writing Center. She died in the year 1983 at the age of 66. Estrella Alfon was born in Cebu City in 1917. Unlike other writers of her clock time, she did not come from the intelligentsia.Her p bents were shopkeepers in Cebu. 1 She attended college, and analyze medicine. When she was mistakenly diagnosed with tuberculosis and sent to a sanitarium, she resigned from her pre-medical fostering, and left with an Associate of arts degree. Alfon has several children Alan Rivera, Esmeralda Mimi Rivera, Brian Alfon, Estrella Twinkie Alfon, and Rita Daday Alfon (deceased). She has 10 grandchildre n. Her untriedest daughter, was a stewardess for Saudi Arabian Airlines, and was post of the Flight 163 crew on August 19, 1980, when an in-flight fire forced the aircraft to territory in Riyadh.A delayed excreta resulted in the death of everyone on base the flight. Alfon died on December 28, 1983, following a heart attack suffered on-stage during Awards darkness of the troopsila Film Festival. Professional She was a student in Cebu when she rootage print her little stories, in periodicals such as Graphic periodical Magazine, Philippine Magazine, and the Sunday Tribune. She was a spirit levelwriter, playwright, and journalist. In spite of being a proud Cebuana, she wrote estimable exclusively in face. She published her graduation story, colorize Confetti, in the Graphic in 1935.She was the only female member of the Veronicans, an avant garde company of writers in the 1930s led by Francisco Arcellana and H. R. Ocampo, she was in like manner regarded as their muse. The Veronicans are recognized as the head start group of Filipino writers to write almost exclusively in English and were formed prior to the cosmos struggle II. She is to a fault reportedly the most prolific Filipina writer prior to World War II. She was a regular contributor to manila-based national powder magazines, she had several stories cited in Jose Garcia Villas annual honor rolls.Alfon was one writer who unashamedly pull from her own real-life experiences. In some stories, the firstly-person narrator is Estrella or Esther. She is not retributive a writer, but one who consciously refers to her act of physical composition the stories. In other stories, Alfon is unchanging easily identifiable in her first-person reminiscences of the past evacuation during the Japanese occupation estrangement from a husband life later on the war. In the Espeleta stories, Alfon uses the editorial we to indicate that as a member of that community, she shares their feelings and responses towards the incidents in the story.But she sometimes slips back to being a first-person narrator. The impression is that although she shares the sentiments of her neighbors, she is still a distinct personality who detaches herself from the scene in order to determine it better. This device of separating herself as narrator from the other characters is contained within the larger dodging of ? distantiation? that of the writer from her strongly autobiographical material. Thelma E. Arambulo In the 1950s, her short story, Fairy relation for the City, was condemned by the Catholic League of the Philippines as being detestable.3 She was even brought to court on these charges. While many of her fellow writers did support by her, many did not. These events hurt her deeply. 1 In spite of having only an A. A. degree, she was eventually appointed as a professor of Creative Writing at the University of the Philippines, capital of the Philippines. She was a member of the U. P. Writers C lub, she held the National Fellowship in Fiction post at the U. P. Creative Writing Center in 1979. 5 She would excessively respond on the Philippine Board of Tourism in the 1970s. Stories * Magnificence and separate Stories (1960)* Stories of Estrella Alfon (1994) (published posthumously) * Servant Girl (short story) * English Jose Garcia Villa Jose Garcia Villa (August 5, 1908 February 7, 1997) was a Filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and painter. He was awarded the National Artist of the Philippines backup for books in 1973 as well as the Guggenheim Fellowship in creative make-up by Conrad Aiken. He is known to have introduced the reversed congruity tally scheme in writing poetry, as well as the grand use of punctuation marksespeciallycommas, which make him known as the comma Poet.He used the penname Doveglion (derived from Dove, Eagle, Lion), based on the characters he derived from himself. These animals were also explored by another poet e. e. cummin gs in Doveglion, Adventures in Value, a poetry dedicated to Villa. Villa was born on August 5, 1908, in Manilas Singalong district. His parents were Simeon Villa (a personal physician of Emilio Aguinaldo, the founding President of the First Philippine Republic) and Guia Garcia (a wealthy landowner). He graduated from the University of the Philippines Integrated direct and the University of the Philippines High schooltime in 1925.Villa enrolled on a Pre-Medical course in the University of the Philippines, but then switched to Pre-Law course. However, he realized that his true passion was in the arts. Villa first seek painting, but then turned into creative writing afterward exercise Winesburg, Ohio by Sherwood Anderson. Writing career Villas tart poetic appearance was considered too aggressive at that time. In 1929 he published Man Songs, a series of erotic poems, which the administrators in UP found too bold and was even fined Philippine peso for obscenity by the Manila Cour t of First Instance.In that same year, Villa won Best narrative of the Year from Philippine Free Press magazine for Mir-I-Nisa. He also received P1,000 prize money, which he used to migrate to the United States. He enrolled at the University of vernal Mexico, wherein he was one of the founders of Clay, a mimeograph literary magazine. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and pursued post-graduate range at Columbia University. Villa had gradually caught the attention of the countrys literary circles, one of the few Asians to do so at that time.After the publishing of Footnote to Youth in 1933, Villa switched from writing prose to poetry, and published only a handful of works until 1942. During the release of Have Come, Am Here in 1942, he introduced a new rhyming scheme called reversed consonance wherein, according to Villa The last sounded harmoniouss of the last syllable, or the last principal consonant of a word, are reversed for the corresponding rhyme. Thus, a rhyme f or near would be run or rain, green, reign. In 1949, Villa presented a poetic modality he called comma poems, wherein commas are placed after every word.In the preface of Volume Two, he wrote The commas are an integral and essential bust of the medium regulating the poems verbal density and time movement enabling each word to attain a pregnant tonal value, and the line movement to become more measures. Villa worked as an boyfriend editor for unfermented Directions Publishing in New York City mingled with 1949 to 1951, and then became director of poetry workshop at City College of New York from 1952 to 1960. He then left the literary scene and concentrated on teaching, first lecturing in The New School.The New School for cordial Research from 1964 to 1973, as well as conducting poetry workshops in his apartment. Villa was also a cultural attache to the Philippine Mission to the United Nations from 1952 to 1963, and an advisor on cultural affairs to the President of the Philip pines beginning 1968. Death On February 5, 1997, at the age of 88, Jose was found in a coma in his New York apartment and was rushed to St. Vincent Hospital in the Greenwich area. His death cardinal days later was attributed to cerebral stroke and multilobar pneumonia.He was buried on February 10 in St. Johns Cemetery in New York, wearing a Barong Tagalog. Personal In 1946 Villa married Rosemarie Lamb, with whom he has twain sons, Randy and Lance. They annulled ten years later. He also has three grandchildren. whole kit and boodle As an editor, Villa first published Philippine Short Stories Best 25 Short Stories of 1928 in 1929, an anthology of Filipino short stories written in English literature English that were mostly published in the literary magazine Philippine Free Press for that year.It is the second anthology to have been published in the Philippines, after Philippine Love Stories by editor Paz Marquez-Benitez in 1927. His first show of short stories that he has written w ere published under the title Footnote to Youth Tales of the Philippines and Others in 1933 while in 1939, Villa publishedMany Voices, his first collection poems, followed by Poems by Doveglion in 1941. Other collections of poems allow in Have Come, Am Here (1942), Volume Two (194 in that year when he emended.The Doveglion criminal record of Philippine Poetry in English from 1910. Three years later, he released a follow-up for The Portable Villa entitled The Essential Villa. Villa, however, went under self-exile after the 1960s, even though he was nominated for several major literary awards including the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. This was perhaps because of oppositions between his formalism (literature)formalist style and the advocates of proletarian literature who misjudged him as a petty bourgeois.Villa only resurfaced in 1993 with an anthology entitled Charlie Chan Is Dead, which was edited by Jessica Hagedorn Several reprints of Villas past works were done, including Appasio nata Poems in sycophancy of Love in 1979, A Parliament of Giraffes (a collection of Villas poems for young readers, with Tagalog language Tagalog translation provided by Larry Francia), and The Anchored Angel Selected Writings by Villa that was edited by Eileen Tabios with a foreword provided by Hagedorn (both in 1999).Among his popular poems include When I Was No Bigger Than A Huge, an example of his comma poems, and The emperor butterflys New Sonnet (a part of Have Come, Am Here) which is fundamentally a blank sheet of paper. Paz Marquez Benitez She was Born in 1894 in Lucena City, Quezon. Marquez Benitez authored the first Filipino sophisticated English language short story, Dead Stars, published in the Philippine Herald in 1925. Born into the prominent Marquez family ofQuezon province, she was among the first generation of Filipino people trained in the American education system which used English as the medium of instruction. She graduated senior high school in Tayabas Hig h School now, Quezon National High School and college from the University of the Philippines with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912. MarquezBenitez. She was a member of the first freshman class of the University of the Philippines, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912.Two years after graduation, she married UP College of teaching Dean Francisco Benitez with whom she had four children. Marquez-Benitez later became a teacher at the University of the Philippines, who taught short-story writing and had become an influential figure to many Filipino writers in the English language, such as Loreto Paras-Sulit, Paz M. Latorena Arturo Belleza Rotor,Bienvenido N. Santos and Francisco Arcellana.The annually held Paz Marquez-Benitez Lectures in the Philippines honors her memory by focalization on the contribution of Filipino women writers to Philippine Literature in the English language. Though she only had one more published short story after Dead Stars entitled A Night In The H ills, she made her mark in Philippine literature because her work is considered the first modern Philippine short story.For Marquez-Benitez, writing was a lifelong occupation. In 1919 she founded charrs Home Journal, the first womens magazine in the country. Also in the same year, she and other six women who were prominent members of Manilas social elites, namely Clara Aragon, Concepcion Aragon, Francisca Tirona Benitez, Carolina Ocampo Palma, Mercedes Rivera, and Socorro Marquez Zaballero, founded the Philippine Womens College now Philippine Womens University.Filipino Love Stories, reportedly the first anthology of Philippine stories in English by Filipinos, was compiled in 1928 by Marquez-Benitez from the works of her students. When her husband died in 1951, she took over as editor of the Philippine Journal of Education at UP. She held the editorial post for over two decades. In 1995, her daughter, Virginia Benitez-Licuanan wrote her biography, Paz Marquez-Benitez One cleaning w omans Life, Letters, and Writings.

Criminal Justice Process Essay

Generally speaking, the concept of the judicial system sewer ofttimes seem very complex, confusing, and intimidating. However, to hang in comprehending the system, the defer of Kansas has be a sequence of events in processing pitiful cases where each(prenominal) action encompasses a specific function. Whether it is the virtue incumbent who investigates the dis butterflyesy, the public prosecutor who must gather the facts for action, the digestant who must father a lawyer and prove their case, or the forecast and jury who determine the fate of the wrongdoer having a basic understanding of the up proper(a)ness is imperative in protect private rights.Within this paper I will discuss the Kansas invoke woeful averageice process and the multifaceted decisions that hold justice is deliver the goodsd to all. Although the Kansas wretched law process is disclosed, it still whitethorn be difficult for an individual to navigate through the system al cardinal. Therefore , once a somebody is interpreted into time lag, he/she should immediately seek focus to assist in the court of law- shapeed process. The archetypal step in the evil process is the investigation by law enforcement before an arrest is made. Moreover, an investigation of a s charge crime whitethorn be initiated in many ways.For instance, it could be as mere(a) as an officer who witnesses a vehicle speeding or something that requires a more collective effort such as a 911 foreshadow from a bystander. An officer may speak to only one person or it may involve multiple witnesses being interviewed where demonstrate may be ga in that respectd over time. If an officer debates that there is enough assure of a crime, he/she can try to hold in a attempt countenance. This process acknowledges a hear who will criticism the information and adore/disapprove the warrant based on probable cause.Probable cause, as it applies to a search, is the facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to hope that evidence is in a particular place (Wright, 2013). aft(prenominal) law enforcement has conducted their investigation, a guilty arrest will transpire. A person may or may not be aware that they will be interpreted into custody, but in any situation, it is important for that individual to obtain the representation of an experienced defence reaction lawyer as soon as potential. An arrest is delimitate as a seizure of a person and/or deprivation of his/her personal liberty by a legal authority or under legal authority (Gale, 2002).In Kansas, an officer of the law may arrest a person for the interest reasons a warrant commanding that person to be arrested has probable cause to believe that a warrant for the persons arrest has been issued in this carry or in another jurisdiction for a felony committed in this has probable cause to believe that the person is committing or has committed felony (KSA, 2009). No matter where or when an interrogati on occurs, the person in custody (deprived of his or her freedom of action in any significant way), must be read their Miranda rights if the suspects answers are to be used as evidence at a streamlet (Merriam-Webster, 1996).A Miranda warning is not required if a person is not in police custody however, anything the person says can still be used at trial if the person is later charged with a crime. This exception most often happens when the police stop someone on the street to question him/her virtually a recent crime and the person blurts out a plea before the police have an opportunity to deliver the warning. Therefore, it is critical that a person in custody does not answer the police/ emissarys questions without having a lawyer present. This will ensure the individuals rights under the Fifth Amendment are protected and they do not have got any self-incriminating call forthments.Kansas divides crimes into two categories felonies and misdemeanors. A felony crime can be defined as a crime that results in incarceration of one twelvemonth or more in jail or prison (Wright, 2013). The state of Kansas has four-spot types of felony convictions dose felonies, non-drug felonies, off power systemiron felonies and non-grid felonies. Drug felonies are relate to the possession, use, manufacture, and the sale of illegal drugs. Off grid felonies, which frequently have a life time sentence, are typically related to off and real child sex crimes. While, non grid felonies are usually related to internal battery or felony driving under the influence.Once the suspect is arrested, a defense attorney is assigned to the person if the individual cannot afford one. A defense attorney is a lawyer who advises, represents, and acts for the suspect in a legal proceeding or for the offender in post-conviction proceedings (Gale, 2002). A defense attorney appears with the defendant at the arraignment where the defendant will asseverate guilty, not guilty or no contest. If the defendant pleads not guilty, the defense attorney then represents his/her customer during the various stages of the trial process.During the pre-trail stage, the defense counsels investigation should begin its own inquiry by interviewing witnesses, obtaining police reports, and reviewing other documents. (Gale, 2002). Additionally, any exculpatory evidence that the prosecutor discovers which is helpful to the defendant must be given to the defense attorney. It is during this stage that the defense attorney assesses the strength of the prosecutors case and advises the client as to the possible outcomes. If it would be useful in the defense effort, the defense counsel could lease a private investigator in an effort to collect evidence in support of the case or to discredit elements of the prosecutions case.While the defense attorney is collecting evidence to help the client from being convicted, the prosecutor initiates his/her own effort on the criminal actions against the s upposed person who has committed the offense. A prosecutor can be defined as a lawyer employed by the state who seeks to obtain a conviction in a court against the defendant (Gale, 2002). after(prenominal) the police investigators have filed the paper work for the arrest, the prosecutor will review the paper work and apply the set aside Kansas laws to determine if the person that has been arrested should be formally charged with a crime. Unfortunately, this period can last a few days, weeks, or months.The most serious crimes in Kansas, such has murder and terrorism, have no statute of limitations. Statutes of limitations are federal and state laws that site out time periods indoors which a certain type of civic or criminal action must be brought or the right to bring the action will be lost (Gale, 2002). This law is to ensure the defendant has a fair chance to rebut the claim. Since Kansas does not prepare a time period for murder and terrorism, this does not violate the payab le process of the Fourteenth Amendment. The prosecutor will continue to examine the files and he/she may contact the police and pray that additional inquiries are conducted. During this time, it may be possible to convince the prosecutor not to file charges or to request a lesser charge.After a charge is filed, the figure of court appearances may vary depending on the type of case. A court appearance can be defined as the act of climax to court to defend or prosecute a case and to come an appearance to register with a court that a defendant intends to defend an action (Black, 2007). The first court appearance is known as an arraignment in the state of Kansas. An arraignment is a hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal case. When a court arraigns a person, the identicalness of the defendant is established, and the defendant is informed of the charge and his or her constitutional and statutory rights. Bail can also be correct at arraignment.The defendant is r equired to enter a plea, which distinguishes an arraignment from a defendants first appearance, where all other matters may be raised (Gale, 2002). The arraignment process in felony cases cannot take place unless the prosecutor has prepared a written set of charges. In the state of Kansas, the prosecutor is required to convene a kibibyte jury before charging a defendant with a serious crime. After the suspect is convicted of the crime, a sentencing process is started. On July 1, 1993, the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act was developed to assist in find out felony sentencing through a grid system.For this reason, Kansas law uses the bring home the baconing two primary factors to determine the punishment of a convicted felon the scratchiness direct of the crime and the defendants criminal record. Sentencing is the penalty enforce by a court upon a person convicted of a crime. The types of sentences include capital punishment, imprisonment, fines, restitution, and probation (Gale , 2002). Since the 1980s, sentencing guidelines started utilizing a point system based on the criminal offense and the criminal history of the defendant. A higher public figure results in a more severe criminal sanction.Additionally, judges have slender or no discretion to provide from these guidelines (Gale, 2002). Thus, sentencing guidelines that Kansas has established provide practitioners in the criminal justice system with an overview of likely felony sentences. The juncture of the scratchiness level of the crime of conviction and the offenders criminal history grade is the presumed sentence (KSA, 2012). Once a person is convicted of a felony, every by pleading guilty or being found guilty at trial, the judge will order a pre-sentence investigation and receive a report from the probation office.This report will advise the judge of the severity level of the crime, which grid it is on, drug or non-drug, and the defendants criminal history. In Kansas, the sentencing grid is how the judge determines the sentencing of a felony conviction. Nevertheless, not all crimes will change course on the grid. Thus, the sentencing for those crimes is individually outlined by the law-makers. The majority of the felony crimes in Kansas give ear on the sentencing grid, where the criminal history and the severity level of the crime aid the judge in determining the sentence. Non-drug and drug are two grids on the sentencing invest.The non-drug grid contains ten severity levels of offenses that hurl from theft to botch and murder. A level one offense represents a significant transgression objet dart a level ten represents the least serious of the crimes. The drug grid contains four levels of offenses encompassing possession, distribution, manufacturing and cultivation of controlled substances. Similar to the non-drug grid, a level one offense is a severe crime and a level four represents a minimum wrongdoing. After the judge or court reviews the drug or non dru g grid, the next step is to look at the criminal history of the accused.Criminal history in Kansas is classified as A through I, depending on a persons early(prenominal) criminal history (KSA, 2012). A criminal history tick off of A is the highest criminal history score and would identically be assigned to a person with three or more personal felonies. A criminal history score of I is the lowest criminal history score and would be allocated to an individual with only one misdemeanor conviction or no criminal history. Within each grid box there are three numbers which represent months of imprisonment. These three numbers provide the judge or court with a range for sentencing. The sentencing judge or court then has the discretion to sentence within these parameters.The middle number in the grid box is the average number that is intended to be the appropriate sentence time for a typical case. The upper and abase numbers should be used for cases involving aggravating or mitigating f actors sufficient to warrant a liberation. The sentencing judge or court may increase the continuance of a sentence up to double the duration within the grid box (KSA, 2012).The judge or court may also depart downward to lower the duration of a presumptive sentence. Moreover, the judge or court can gossip a dispositional overtaking by electing to utilize a sentence of prison to probation or probation to prison. Once the criminal history and the severity level of the offense are determined, the grids will dictate the sentencing range and disposition for the judge or court.For exercise, rape in Kansas is a severity level one felony. If the defendant has no prior criminal record, then the crime is punishable by 147, 155, or 165 months in prison. If the alike(p) crime was particularly cruel or violent, the judge may impose the aggravated sentence of 165 months in prison. A defendant with an A level criminal history who is convicted of a particularly brutal rape could face up to 6 53 months in prison. After the judge or court has reviewed the grid and all the files for the case, sentencing can be deliberated. By Kansas law, judges or the court must impose a sentence shown in the appropriate grid box unless substantial and induce reasons exist to depart from the sentences.The sentencing judge or court should consider all available alternatives in determining the appropriate sentence for each offender. The sentencing guidelines seek to establish equity among like offenders in similar case scenarios. Rehabilitative measures are still an full part of the corrections process, and criminal justice professionals continue efforts to reestablish offenders within communities (KSA, 2012). The guidelines do not prohibit sentencing courts from departing from the prescribed sentence in unnatural cases. The sentencing court is free to choose an appropriate sentence, or combination of sentences, for each case (KSA, 2012). In 2008, Kansas changed its sentencing guideli nes by implementing a no downward dispositional departure for any crime of extreme sexual military group.A downward durational departure can be allowed for any crime of extreme sexual violence to no less than fifty percent of the center of the grid range of the sentence for such crime. Does the Kansas judge or court have to follow the guidelines in the grid box? The answer is no. The judge can deviate from the presumptive range within the box however, in order for him/her to do so, there must be a substantial and compelling reason. This means, a specific fact should either illustrate that this case is either worse than typical for this type of crime, justifying a semipermanent sentence, or snap off than typical for this kind of offense, justifying a shorter sentence.As long as the judge stays in the box, the sentence cannot be appealed. A conviction could be appealed, but not the sentence. Judges typically do not depart, either shorter or longer, unless both the prosecution and t he defense agree that he/she should. In order for a judge to depart upward to a longer sentence than contained in the box, he/she must usually have a jury finding of the extraordinary fact justifying the longer sentence.In Kansas, the legislature has designated convictions as presumptive probation, presumptive prison, and process box. If a defendant is convicted of or pleads guilty to a presumptive probation offense, the legislature presumes that the defendant is entitled to a skip of probation.The defendant, on the other hand, could serve the underlying sentence if he/she violates the terms and conditions of the probation get hold of. If a defendant is convicted of or pleads guilty to a presumptive prison offense, the legislature presumes that the defendant is not entitled to a contract of probation and must serve the underlying sentence.A defendant can forefend prison, only if, the court formally deviates from the sentencing guidelines by finding considerable and convert r easons to grant probation. If a defendant is convicted of or pleads guilty to a border box offense, the legislature presumes that the defendant is not entitled to a contract of probation and must serve the underlying sentence. However, the court is allowed to grant probation at the request or agreement of the parties as long as the court is cheery that a program is available to the defendant that will ensure federation safety interests by promoting the defendants rehabilitation and reducing the likeliness of recidivism.There are special rules which could deprive a defendant of his/her arrogance of probation and in turn can allow the judge to sentence him/her to prison. An example would be if the crime occurred while the defendant was already on probation or on bond for another crime. These special rules must be taken into consideration when determining what a judge might do at the time of sentencing. In conclusion, Kansas has established a concrete criminal law process that can be directly correlated to its own state legislation. The system provides reasonable and comprehensible guidelines for all to follow in the aid of justice.The law is enforced to protect individuals however, being aware of your fundamental rights is a personal responsibility. If you are stopped, questioned, arrested or searched by federal, state or local law enforcement officers, the most common approach should always be to assume for an attorney. Inevitably, the law is there to sustain the status quo, to protect property, vested rights, and established relationships. An tell society cannot survive without some type of legal system, even if it is just one simple rule. In the end, the legal system is the only operation which can guarantee that all human rights are respected.View as multi-pages